Biochar Decelerates Soil Organic Nitrogen Cycling but Stimulates Soil Nitrification in a Temperate Arable Field Trial

<div><p>Biochar production and subsequent soil incorporation could provide carbon farming solutions to global climate change and escalating food demand. There is evidence that biochar amendment causes fundamental changes in soil nutrient cycles, often resulting in marked increases in crop production, particularly in acidic and in infertile soils with low soil organic matter contents, although comparable outcomes in temperate soils are variable. We offer insight into the mechanisms underlying these findings by focusing attention on the soil nitrogen (N) cycle, specifically on hitherto unmeasured processes of organic N cycling in arable soils. We here investigated the impacts of biochar addition on soil organic and inorganic N pools and on gross transformation rates of both pools in a biochar field trial on arable land (Chernozem) in Traismauer, Lower Austria. We found that biochar increased total soil organic carbon but decreased the extractable organic C pool and soil nitrate. While gross rates of organic N transformation processes were reduced by 50–80%, gross N mineralization of organic N was not affected. In contrast, biochar promoted soil ammonia-oxidizer populations (bacterial and archaeal nitrifiers) and accelerated gross nitrification rates more than two-fold. Our findings indicate a de-coupling of the soil organic and inorganic N cycles, with a build-up of organic N, and deceleration of inorganic N release from this pool. The results therefore suggest that addition of inorganic fertilizer-N in combination with biochar could compensate for the reduction in organic N mineralization, with plants and microbes drawing on fertilizer-N for growth, in turn fuelling the belowground build-up of organic N. We conclude that combined addition of biochar with fertilizer-N may increase soil organic N in turn enhancing soil carbon sequestration and thereby could play a fundamental role in future soil management strategies.</p></div

Results of ANOVA of soil N transformation rates for the factor treatment in control (NPK) and biochar (BC3N) treatments.

<p>All transformation rates were measured and analyzed by one-way ANOVA for July 2011 data (“one date”). Nitrification and nitrate consumption was measured three times for NPK and BC3N treatments (“three dates”) and analyzed by two-way mixed ANOVA. Abbreviations: GP, gross production (influx); GC, gross consumption (efflux); Prot, protein; AA, amino acid; N min, N mineralization; NH₄⁺, ammonium; NO₃⁻, nitrate.</p

Results of ANOVA of soil physicochemical data for the factors treatment and time in control (NPK) and biochar (BC3N) treatments.

<p>Data were analyzed by two-way mixed ANOVA. Data for protein, HMW-N_org and LMW-N_org were available only for one sampling date and therefore were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Abbreviations: C_org, soil organic C; N_tot, total soil N; BD, soil bulk density; Grav. WC, gravimetric soil water content; WFPS, water filled pore space; AFPS, aire filled pore space; DOC, dissolved organic C; DON, dissolved organic N; NO₃⁻, nitrate; NH₄⁺, ammonium; FAA, total free amino acids; TDN, total dissolved N; HMW-N_org, high molecular weight organic N; LMW-N_org, low molecular weight organic N; DNA, soil DNA content; AOA/DNA, archaeal amoA copy numbers on DNA basis; AOA/soil, archaeal amoA copy numbers on dry soil basis; AOB/DNA, bacterial amoA copy numbers on DNA basis; AOB/soil, bacterial amoA copy numbers on dry soil basis.</p

Soil N transformation rates for control (NPK) and biochar (BC3N) treatments.

<p>Bars represent means ±1 SE (n = 4) of measurements from July 2011. Open bars, control treatment (NPK); grey bars, biochar treatment (BC3N). Open circles represent means ±1 SE (n = 4) of nitrification rates from three measurement dates. Left panels represent gross influx rates into the target pools (production rates), right panels gross efflux rates (consumption rates). Units in µg N g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹, equivalent to mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹. P values are from one-way ANOVA (all rates) or two-way mixed ANOVA (nitrification for three time points, in brackets).</p

Overview of the agricultural soil N cycle.

<p>The organic N and inorganic N cycles are highlighted. DNRA…dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, DON…dissolved organic N, PON…particulate organic N such as detritus and soil organic matter, SMB…soil microbial biomass. Not shown - heterotrophic nitrification which results from microbial uptake of e.g. free amino acids, oxidation of reduced N compounds and release of nitrate into the soil.</p

Soil properties in control (NPK) and biochar-treated (BC3N) soils of the Traismauer biochar field trial.

<p>All parameters were measured on composite samples collected in July 2011 from the two treatments (n = 1). n.d. – not determined.</p>1<p>Soil texture is not shown for biochar treated soils. At high contents humus biases the particle size distribution and is therefore conventionally decomposed by prolonged H₂O₂ (or similar oxidant) treatment prior to soil texture analysis; biochar/charcoal is largely resistant against this oxidant treatment.</p

Pore size distribution of beech wood biochar as determined by scanning electron microscopy.

<p>In total, mean diameters of 7715 pores were measured in 6 longitudinal and 7 cross sections of charcoal pieces, each image covering 0.35 mm². Pore size distributions are presented (1, top panel) as counts mm⁻² per 1 µm size class (top) and (2, middle panel) on an area basis, i.e. µm² mm⁻² per 1 µm size class. Typical mean diameters (soil bacteria, soil fungi) and diameter ranges (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; protozoan grazers such as flagellates, amoebae, ciliates; and mesofaunal grazers and predators such as nematodes, mites and collembola) are presented color-coded (bottom panel) and with range lines in the middle panel.</p

Soil C and N pool sizes for control (NPK) and biochar (BC3N) treatments.

<p>Bars represent means ±1 SE (n = 4) from seven measurements between July 2011 and September 2012 for extractable compounds, and from two measurements (September 2011 and 2012) for soil organic C and total soil N. Open bars, control treatment (NPK); grey bars, biochar treatment (BC3N). Units in mg C g⁻¹ dry soil and µg N g⁻¹ dry soil. P values are from two-way mixed ANOVA (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086388#pone-0086388-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>).</p

Appendix B. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the effect of harvest and litter type on various pool sizes and on mean residence times (MRT) of amino acids, ammonium, nitrate and phosphate during litter decomposition.

Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the effect of harvest and litter type on various pool sizes and on mean residence times (MRT) of amino acids, ammonium, nitrate and phosphate during litter decomposition

Appendix E. Relative contributions of 15 amino acids to the total free amino acid pool (mol-N%) during decomposition of four beech litter types (Achenkirch, Klausenleopoldsdorf, Ossiach, Schottenwald ) varying in elemental and stoichiometric quality.

Relative contributions of 15 amino acids to the total free amino acid pool (mol-N%) during decomposition of four beech litter types (Achenkirch, Klausenleopoldsdorf, Ossiach, Schottenwald ) varying in elemental and stoichiometric quality