The Gap Between Bullying Education and Student Behavior

Bullying In America has been a prominent topic for the last decade. The effects are damaging and ongoing. School-aged children are affected from early elementary age through the college years with ensuing after-effects. Bullying can impede learning, social growth, and safety to the youth being bullied as well as the ones doing the bullying. (stopbullying.gov 2018) This presentation focuses on the confidence levels, knowledge, and actions of middle school-aged students in their preparedness to combat bullying in the classroom. This research explores the relationship between student knowledge of bullying and procedures to address bullying and the self-reported likelihood of reporting an incident. The participants of the study consisted of middle school students in the Valparaiso, IN area. Each student was asked to complete an online survey which was comprised of bullying questions pertaining to knowledge and perceived action. This study will help to connect education on the subject in correlation to behavioral changes supporting the deterrence of bullying in schools

The Gap Between Bullying Education and Student Behavior

Bullying In America has been a prominent topic for the last decade. The effects are damaging and ongoing. School-aged children are affected from early elementary age through the college years with ensuing after-effects. Bullying can impede learning, social growth, and safety to the youth being bullied as well as the ones doing the bullying. (stopbullying.gov 2018) This presentation focuses on the confidence levels, knowledge, and actions of middle school-aged students in their preparedness to combat bullying in the classroom. This research explores the relationship between student knowledge of bullying and procedures to address bullying and the self-reported likelihood of reporting an incident. The participants of the study consisted of middle school students in the Valparaiso, IN area. Each student was asked to complete an online survey which was comprised of bullying questions pertaining to knowledge and perceived action. This study will help to connect education on the subject in correlation to behavioral changes supporting the deterrence of bullying in schools

Brief research report: in-depth immunophenotyping reveals stability of CD19 CAR T-cells over time

Variability or stability might have an impact on treatment success and toxicity of CD19 CAR T-cells. We conducted a prospective observational study of 12 patients treated with Tisagenlecleucel for CD19+ B-cell malignancies. Using a 31-color spectral flow cytometry panel, we analyzed differentiation stages and exhaustion markers of CAR T-cell subsets prior to CAR T-cell infusion and longitudinally during 6 months of follow-up. The majority of activation markers on CAR T-cells showed stable expression patterns over time and were not associated with response to therapy or toxicity. Unsupervised cluster analysis revealed an immune signature of CAR T-cell products associated with the development of immune cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Warranting validation in an independent patient cohort, in-depth phenotyping of CAR T-cell products as well as longitudinal monitoring post cell transfer might become a valuable tool to increase efficacy and safety of CAR T-cell therapy

Clinical and clinicopathological features and outcomes of cats with suspected dietary induced pancytopenia

Background: After a strong epidemiological link to diet was established in an outbreak of pancytopenia in cats in spring 2021 in the United Kingdom, 3 dry diets were recalled. Concentrations of the hemato- and myelotoxic mycotoxins T-2, HT-2 and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) greater than the European Commission guidance for dry cat foods were detected in the recalled diets. Objectives: To describe clinical and clinicopathological findings in cats diagnosed with suspected diet induced pancytopenia. Animals: Fifty cats presenting with pancytopenia after exposure to a recalled diet. Methods: Multicenter retrospective case series study. Cats with known exposure to 1 of the recalled diets were included if presented with bi- or pancytopenia and underwent bone marrow examination. Results: Case fatality rate was 78%. Bone marrow aspirates and biopsy examination results were available in 23 cats; 19 cats had a bone marrow aspirate, and 8 cats had a biopsy core, available for examination. Bone marrow hypo to aplasia—often affecting all cell lines—was the main feature in all 31 available core specimens. A disproportionately pronounced effect on myeloid and megakaryocytic cells was observed in 19 cats. Myelofibrosis or bone marrow necrosis was not a feature. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Mycotoxin induced pancytopenia should be considered as differential diagnosis in otherwise healthy cats presenting with bi- or pancytopenia and bone marrow hypo- to aplasia

Prevalence of hypercalcaemia in primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: multicentre, retrospective study

BACKGROUND: Hypoadrenocorticism is an important differential for hypercalcemia. The aetiology of hypercalcemia in canine hypoadrenocorticism is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To review the prevalence of hypercalcemia and use statistical models to identify clinical, demographic and biochemical variables associated with hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. ANIMALS: 110 dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism; 107 with recorded total calcium (TCa), 43 recorded ionised calcium (iCa). METHODS: Multicenter retrospective observational study at four UK referral hospitals. Univariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between independent variables of signalment, hypoadrenocorticism type (glucocorticoid only deficient hypoadrenocorticism (GHoC) vs glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficient hypoadrenocorticism (GMHoC)), clinicopathological parameters and hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia was defined as elevated TCa and/or iCa (Model 1) or as elevated iCa (Model 2). RESULTS: Overall prevalence of hypercalcemia was 34.5% (38/110). The odds of hypercalcemia (Model 1) were increased (P <.05) in patients with GMHoC ((vs. GHoC), OR [odds ratio] = 3.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.105 -13.463), increasing serum creatinine (OR = 1.512, 95% CI 1.041-2.197) and increasing serum albumin (OR = 4.187, 95% CI 1.744-10.048). The odds of ionised hypercalcemia (Model 2) were increased (P<.05) with decreasing serum potassium concentration (OR = 0.401, 95% CI 0.184-0.876) and younger age (OR = 0.737, 95% CI 0.558-0.974). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This study identified several key clinical and biochemical variables associated with hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. These findings aid understanding of the pathophysiology and aetiology of hypercalcaemia in canine primary hypoadrenocorticism

Prevalence of hypercalcemia in primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: Multicenter, retrospective study

Background: Hypoadrenocorticism is an important differential for hypercalcemia. The etiology of hypercalcemia in hypoadrenocorticism in dogs is unclear. Objective: To review the prevalence of hypercalcemia and use statistical models to identify clinical, demographic, and biochemical variables associated with hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. Animals: One hundred ten dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism; 107 with recorded total calcium (TCa), 43 recorded ionized calcium (iCa). Methods: Multicenter retrospective observational study at 4 UK referral hospitals. Univariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between independent variables of signalment, hypoadrenocorticism type (glucocorticoid only deficient hypoadrenocorticism [GHoC] vs glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficient hypoadrenocorticism [GMHoC]), clinicopathological variables and hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia was defined as elevated TCa, an elevated iCa, or both elevated TCa and iCa (Model 1) or as elevated iCa (Model 2). Results: Overall prevalence of hypercalcemia was 34.5% (38/110). The odds of hypercalcemia (Model 1) were increased (P < .05) in dogs with GMHoC ([vs GHoC], OR [odds ratio] = 3.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.105‐13.463), higher serum creatinine (OR = 1.512, 95% CI 1.041‐2.197), and higher serum albumin (OR = 4.187, 95% CI 1.744‐10.048). The odds of ionized hypercalcemia (Model 2) were increased (P < .05) with reduced serum potassium concentration (OR = 0.401, 95% CI 0.184‐0.876) and younger age (OR = 0.737, 95% CI 0.558‐0.974). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study identified several key clinical and biochemical variables associated with hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. These findings aid understanding of the pathophysiology and etiology of hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism

Healthy-like CD4+ Regulatory and CD4+ Conventional T-Cell Receptor Repertoires Predict Protection from GVHD Following Donor Lymphocyte Infusion

Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) can (re-)induce durable remission in relapsing patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (alloHSCT). However, DLI harbors the risk of increased non-relapse mortality due to the co-occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). GVHD onset may be caused or accompanied by changes in the clonal T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. To investigate this, we analyzed T cells in a cohort of 21 patients receiving DLI after alloHSCT. We performed deep T-cell receptor &beta; (TRB) sequencing of sorted CD4+CD25+CD127low regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and CD4+ conventional T cells (Tcon cells) in order to track longitudinal changes in the TCR repertoire. GVHD following DLI was associated with less diverse but clonally expanded CD4+CD25+CD127low Treg and CD4+ Tcon TCR repertoires, while patients without GVHD exhibited healthy-like repertoire properties. Moreover, the diversification of the repertoires upon GVHD treatment was linked to steroid-sensitive GVHD, whereas decreased diversity was observed in steroid-refractory GVHD. Finally, the unbiased sample analysis revealed that the healthy-like attributes of the CD4+CD25+CD127low Treg TCR repertoire were associated with reduced GVHD incidence. In conclusion, CD4+CD25+CD127low Treg and CD4+ Tcon&nbsp;TRB repertoire dynamics may provide a helpful real-time tool to improve the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment in GVHD following DLI

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field