Additional file 2: Table S1. of Spinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage

Database of differential expression comparison of activated astrocyte RNA-Seq data relative to non-injured control astrocyte at 1 and 2 weeks after hemisection and full transection injuries. (XLSX 90 kb

Additional file 4: Figure S2. of Spinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage

Induction of transdifferentiation pathways in astrocytes after SCI. Gene ontology pathway map analysis of deregulated genes in astrocytes demonstrate the induction of a neural development pathway. Thermometers indicate the deregulation of the gene (red: up-regulated; blue: down-regulated). Thermometers with “1” represent gene deregulation in astrocytes. Interactions between objects: green (positive or activation); red (negative or inhibition); grey (unspecified); B: Binding (physical interaction between molecules). (TIF 3235 kb

p43 overexpression during aging.

<p>P43 protein levels in quadriceps muscle extracts from transgenic mice versus wild-type animals, assessed by western-blot using an antibody raised against TRα. 50 µg of total protein extracts were analyzed.</p

Influence of p43 overexpression during aging on mitochondrial activity.

<p>(A–D) Complex I (CXI), Complex II (CXII), Cytochrome oxidase (COX), and Citrate Synthase (CS) activities in gastrocnemius muscle extracts from transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type animals (WT) at 2, 6, 11 and 23 months of age (n = 8 for each group with the exception of 23 month old-group where n = 6). *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001.</p

Influence of p43 overexpression on exercise endurance and on muscle contractile activities at 2 and 6 months of age.

<p>(A–B) 2 and 6 month-old transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type controls (WT) with similar body weights (n = 6 for each groups) were subjected to a forced treadmill exercise test. Running distance (A) and running time (B) are indicated. (C–D) Muscle contractile studies of 2 and 6 month-old transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type controls (WT) with similar body weights (n = 6 for each groups). Po (C) and Muscle fatigue index (D) are indicated. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001.</p

Influence of p43 overexpression during aging on mitochondrial biogenesis.

<p>(A) electron microscopy experiments from longitudinal sections taken from quadriceps from transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type animals (WT) at 2, 6 and 11 months of age (magnification ×10.000). (B) Relative mtDNA content in quadriceps muscle from transgenic mice (p43) compared to wild-type animals (WT) at 2, 6, 11 and 23 months of age (n = 8 for each group with the exception of 23 month old-group where n = 6). After extraction of muscle DNA, quantitative PCR reactions were performed using ND5 for mtDNA copy estimation, and 18S for the nuclear genome. *p<0.05 and ***p<0.001. Control values at each stage are considered as 100%, and p43 value are expressed in percent of the corresponding control value.</p

Influence of p43 overexpression during aging on UCP2 and UCP3 expression.

<p>(A–B) Relative mRNA expression levels of UCP2 and UCP3 in quadriceps muscle from transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type animals (WT) at 2, 6, 11 and 23 months of age (n = 8 for each group with the exception of 23 month old-group where n = 6). **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. (C) UCP2 and UCP3 protein levels in quadriceps muscle extracts from transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type animals (WT), assessed by western-blot using an antibody raised against UCP2 and UCP3. 50 µg of total protein extracts were analyzed. Relative protein levels were indicated. **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. Control values at each stage are considered as 100%, and p43 value are expressed in percent of the corresponding control value.</p

p43 overexpression increases MnSOD activity in 2 month-old transgenic mice.

<p>(A) Cu/ZN-SOD protein levels in quadriceps muscle extracts from transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type animals (WT), assessed by western-blot using an antibody raised against Cu/ZN-SOD. (B) Mn-SOD protein levels in quadriceps muscle extracts from transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type animals (WT), assessed by western-blot using an antibody raised against Mn-SOD. 50 µg of total protein extracts were analyzed. Relative protein levels were indicated. **p<0.01. Control values at each stage are considered as 100%, and p43 value are expressed in percent of the corresponding control value.</p

p43 overexpression induces a potent oxidative stress.

<p>(A–B) Concentration of the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in quadriceps muscle from transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type animals (WT) at 2, 6, 11 and 23 months of age (n = 8 for each group with the exception of 23 month old-group where n = 6). *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. (C–D) Concentration of thiol (SH-groups) in quadriceps from transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type animals (WT) at 2, 6, 11 and 23 months of age (n = 8 for each group with the exception of 23 month old-group where n = 6). *p<0.05 and **p<0.01.</p

p43 overexpression increases MAFbx and MuRF1 expression.

<p>(A–B) Relative mRNA expression levels of MAFbx and MuRF1 in quadriceps muscle from transgenic mice (p43) and wild-type animals (WT) at 2, 6, 11 and 23 months of (n = 8 for each group with the exception of 23 month old-group where n = 6). *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. Control values at each stage are considered as 100%, and p43 value are expressed in percent of the corresponding control value.</p