An Assessment of Videotape in the Criminal Courts

Summary of Contents I. Introduction A. A brief history of television and videotape in the justice system B. Recent studies of videotape technology in the justice system C. Overview of the goals and methodology of the present study II. The Videotape System A. The recording environment 1. Lighting 2. Spatial arrangement 3. Participant mobility 4. Acoustics 5. Electrical power B. Production techniques 1. Video source location 2. Audio source location 3. Picture composition a. Zooms b. Varying video sources c. Special effects C. Alternative equipment combinations 1. System 1 : the single camera 2. System 2: the single camera with auxiliary components 3. System 3: multiple cameras 4. System 4: multiple cameras with auxiliary components D. Recommended uses of the various videotape systems 1. In-court applications 2. Out-of-court applications a. Lineups b. Confessions c. Sobriety tests d. Out-of-court witness testimony E. Special considerations 1. Handling and storage 2. Video v. human perception III. Psychological and Behavioral Impacts of Videotape A. Study design and methodology 1. Data collection 2. Sampling 3. Survey procedures 4. Data analysis B. Results of the psychological and behavioral impact studies 1. The effects of videotape on witnesses a. Witness discomfort and stress b. Witness decisiveness c. Witness attitudes and willingness to serve as a witness in the future 2. The effects of videotape on legal participants and court- room decorum a. The style of attorney presentation b. Frequency of attorney objections c. Attorney preparation d. Structure and formality of courtroom interaction C. Discussion and general observations IV. Procedural, Administrative, Constitutional, and Financial Considerations of Videotape in the Judicial System A. Procedural considerations B. Administrative considerations C. Constitutional considerations 1. Right to confrontation 2. Right to effective assistance of counsel 3. Right to counsel 4. Privilege against self-incrimination 5. Due process a. Production techniques b. Notice to the defendant D. Financial considerations and recording costs 1. Videotape services by commercial contract 2. In-house videotape system a. Costs of an in-house single-camera system b. Costs of an in-house multicamera system 3. Commercial v. in-house costs V. Recommendations and Conclusions A. Projected long-range effects of videotape in the justice system B. Recommendations C. Conclusion

An Assessment of Videotape in the Criminal Courts

Summary of Contents I. Introduction A. A brief history of television and videotape in the justice system B. Recent studies of videotape technology in the justice system C. Overview of the goals and methodology of the present study II. The Videotape System A. The recording environment 1. Lighting 2. Spatial arrangement 3. Participant mobility 4. Acoustics 5. Electrical power B. Production techniques 1. Video source location 2. Audio source location 3. Picture composition a. Zooms b. Varying video sources c. Special effects C. Alternative equipment combinations 1. System 1 : the single camera 2. System 2: the single camera with auxiliary components 3. System 3: multiple cameras 4. System 4: multiple cameras with auxiliary components D. Recommended uses of the various videotape systems 1. In-court applications 2. Out-of-court applications a. Lineups b. Confessions c. Sobriety tests d. Out-of-court witness testimony E. Special considerations 1. Handling and storage 2. Video v. human perception III. Psychological and Behavioral Impacts of Videotape A. Study design and methodology 1. Data collection 2. Sampling 3. Survey procedures 4. Data analysis B. Results of the psychological and behavioral impact studies 1. The effects of videotape on witnesses a. Witness discomfort and stress b. Witness decisiveness c. Witness attitudes and willingness to serve as a witness in the future 2. The effects of videotape on legal participants and court- room decorum a. The style of attorney presentation b. Frequency of attorney objections c. Attorney preparation d. Structure and formality of courtroom interaction C. Discussion and general observations IV. Procedural, Administrative, Constitutional, and Financial Considerations of Videotape in the Judicial System A. Procedural considerations B. Administrative considerations C. Constitutional considerations 1. Right to confrontation 2. Right to effective assistance of counsel 3. Right to counsel 4. Privilege against self-incrimination 5. Due process a. Production techniques b. Notice to the defendant D. Financial considerations and recording costs 1. Videotape services by commercial contract 2. In-house videotape system a. Costs of an in-house single-camera system b. Costs of an in-house multicamera system 3. Commercial v. in-house costs V. Recommendations and Conclusions A. Projected long-range effects of videotape in the justice system B. Recommendations C. Conclusion

Seeded crystallization of β-L-glutamic acid in a continuous oscillatory baffled crystallizer

A continuously seeded l-glutamic acid cooling crystallization process, in a continuous oscillatory baffled crystallizer, was designed and operated to deliver control over polymorphic form. Different feed solution concentrations and seed loadings of β-l-glutamic acid crystals were examined. Steady-state operation, based on particle size distribution and polymorphic form, was demonstrated consistently after two residence times. Where bulk supersaturation remained in the range 2–3, the polymorphic phase purity of the thermodynamically stable β polymorph was retained. However, when the bulk supersaturation exceeded this range to values of 3–8, primary nucleation of the metastable α polymorph was observed, and product crystals were a mixed phase. In the absence of seeding the system could not be operated without significant encrustation to the vessel surface thus leading to loss of control, whereas a continuously seeded approach allowed robust processing for at least 10 h

The Effects of Videotape Testimony in Jury Trials: Studies on Juror Decision Making, Information Retention, and Emotional Arousal

Summary of Contents I. Introduction: The Nature of the Research II. Group I : The Nugent u. Clark Studies A. Background 1. Selecting the stimulus trial 2. Editing the transcript 3. Preparing the trial a. Casting b. Equipment B. Nugent u. Clark Study 1 : live v. videotape trials 1. Questions examined 2. Procedures a. The live presentation b. The videotape presentation c. The questionnaire 3. Results and discussion a. Negligence verdicts and mean awards b. Juror perception of attorney credibility c. Juror information retention d. Juror interest and motivation 4. Conclusions from Study 1 C. Nugent u. Clark Study 2: split-screen v. full-screen videotape presentations 1. Questions examined 2. Procedure

Oscillatory flow reactors (OFRs) for continuous manufacturing and crystallization

Continuous crystallization is an attractive approach for the delivery of consistent particles with specified critical quality attributes (CQAs), which are attracting increased interest for the manufacture of high value materials, including fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Oscillatory flow reactors (OFRs) offer a suitable platform to deliver consistent operating conditions under plug-flow operation while maintaining a controlled steady state. This review provides a brief overview of OFR technology before outlining the operating principles and summarizing applications, emphasizing the use for controlled continuous crystallization. While significant progress has been made to date, areas for further development are highlighted that will enhance the range of applications and ease of implementation of OFR technology. These depend on specific applications but include scale down, materials of construction suitable for chemical compatibility, encrustation mitigation, the enhancement of robust operation via automation, process analytical technology (PAT), and real-time feedback control

The Effects of Videotape Testimony in Jury Trials: Studies on Juror Decision Making, Information Retention, and Emotional Arousal

Summary of Contents I. Introduction: The Nature of the Research II. Group I : The Nugent u. Clark Studies A. Background 1. Selecting the stimulus trial 2. Editing the transcript 3. Preparing the trial a. Casting b. Equipment B. Nugent u. Clark Study 1 : live v. videotape trials 1. Questions examined 2. Procedures a. The live presentation b. The videotape presentation c. The questionnaire 3. Results and discussion a. Negligence verdicts and mean awards b. Juror perception of attorney credibility c. Juror information retention d. Juror interest and motivation 4. Conclusions from Study 1 C. Nugent u. Clark Study 2: split-screen v. full-screen videotape presentations 1. Questions examined 2. Procedure

From discovery to scale-up: alpha-lipoic acid : nicotinamide co-crystals in a continuous oscillatory baffled crystalliser

The crystalline nutritional supplement alpha-lipoic acid degrades rapidly on exposure to temperatures above its melting point 65 degrees C and to light. A small-scale experimental co-crystal screen has produced three novel co-crystals of alpha-lipoic acid that each display enhanced thermal stability and differences in aqueous solubilities compared to alpha-lipoic acid. In each case, the initial screening procedure produced tens of milligrams of material enabling initial identification, characterisation and crystal structure determination. The structure of the alpha-lipoic acid : nicotinamide co-crystal was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and used for subsequent phase identification. Scale-up of the co-crystallisation process of alpha-lipoic acid with nicotinamide was then investigated in a continuous oscillatory baffled crystalliser. Over 1 kg of solid co-crystals was produced using a continuous crystallisation process in a continuous oscillatory baffled crystalliser at a throughput of 350 g h-1 yielding a purity of 99% demonstrating this as an effective route to rapid scale-up of a novel co-crystal system

From discovery to scale-up: alpha-lipoic acid : nicotinamide co-crystals in a continuous oscillatory baffled crystalliser

The crystalline nutritional supplement alpha-lipoic acid degrades rapidly on exposure to temperatures above its melting point 65 degrees C and to light. A small-scale experimental co-crystal screen has produced three novel co-crystals of alpha-lipoic acid that each display enhanced thermal stability and differences in aqueous solubilities compared to alpha-lipoic acid. In each case, the initial screening procedure produced tens of milligrams of material enabling initial identification, characterisation and crystal structure determination. The structure of the alpha-lipoic acid : nicotinamide co-crystal was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and used for subsequent phase identification. Scale-up of the co-crystallisation process of alpha-lipoic acid with nicotinamide was then investigated in a continuous oscillatory baffled crystalliser. Over 1 kg of solid co-crystals was produced using a continuous crystallisation process in a continuous oscillatory baffled crystalliser at a throughput of 350 g h-1 yielding a purity of 99% demonstrating this as an effective route to rapid scale-up of a novel co-crystal system