Studi Penurunan Parameter Bod, Cod Dan Bod/cod Menggunakan Gabungan Vertical Roughing Filter Dan Horizontal Roughing Filter Pada Limbah Cair Domestik Artificial

Domestic wastewater treatment is necessary given the high levels of pollutants such as BOD and COD content. In Indonesia there have been domestic wastewater treatment technology but the application is not yet efficient enough, India and African implement a technology that is roughing filter water treatment using filtration mechanism. This study aims to determine the reduction in BOD, COD and BOD / COD using a combination of vertical roughing filters (VRF) and horizontal roughing filter (HRF) in domestic wastewater. This study uses VRF and HRF series of three variations of flow of 277.7 ml/h, 138.8 ml/h and 92.5 ml/h, three variations of the filter media size, coarse with diametres Ɵ20mm, Ɵ15mm, Ɵ10mm , medium size Ɵ15mm, Ɵ10mm, Ɵ6mm and fine size Ɵ10mm, Ɵ 6mm, Ɵ3mm and two variations of types filter media are gravel and charcoal. From research result obtained a removal parameters of BOD and COD optimum flow variation are 277.7 ml/h for the BOD by 90% eficiency and the variation of flow 138.8 ml/h for removals parameters COD by eficiency 99 %. Variations of filter media types for the removal parameters BOD and COD is gravel, while the optimum filter media size for the parameters BOD is coarse and optimum filter media size for COD is medium

An experimental study of the behaviour of two rockfills accounting for the effects of degree of saturation

Rockfill dams have become more and more recognized for their safety, economy and adaptability to widely varying site conditions. As a contribution to the understanding of the main factors affecting the rockfill behaviour, the paper reports and discusses experimental data on several aspects relevant to the interpretation and analysis of their in-situ response. The experimental programme involved three series of oedometric tests on specimens of two different gravels having the same grading, reconstituted at the same initial relative density. Experimental observations on rockfills compressibility are presented and discussed: attention is paid to the role of degree of saturation (Sr) through the analysis of "driest", "fully saturated"conditions, and the transition from one to the other. Grain crushing tests on dry and saturated soil particles are also reported. Grain size distributions of the specimens, both after compaction and after the oedometer tests, are compared in the paper. The results show that the effect of Sr cannot be overlooked in the mechanical characterization of the material, especially in rockfill/stress conditions prone to crushin

Health behavior change models for HIV prevention and AIDS care: practical recommendations for a multi-level approach

Despite increasing recent emphasis on the social and structural determinants of HIV-related behavior, empirical research and interventions lag behind, partly because of the complexity of social-structural approaches. This article provides a comprehensive and practical review of the diverse literature on multi-level approaches to HIV-related behavior change in the interest of contributing to the ongoing shift to more holistic theory, research, and practice. It has the following specific aims: (1) to provide a comprehensive list of relevant variables/factors related to behavior change at all points on the individual-structural spectrum, (2) to map out and compare the characteristics of important recent multi-level models, (3) to reflect on the challenges of operating with such complex theoretical tools, and (4) to identify next steps and make actionable recommendations. Using a multi-level approach implies incorporating increasing numbers of variables and increasingly context-specific mechanisms, overall producing greater intricacies. We conclude with recommendations on how best to respond to this complexity, which include: using formative research and interdisciplinary collaboration to select the most appropriate levels and variables in a given context; measuring social and institutional variables at the appropriate level to ensure meaningful assessments of multiple levels are made; and conceptualizing intervention and research with reference to theoretical models and mechanisms to facilitate transferability, sustainability, and scalability

Pengaruh Lapisan Termoklin Terhadap Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut Di Samudera Hindia Bagian Timur

Perairan Samudera Hindia bagian Timur dipengaruhi oleh sistem angin monsun yang mengakibatkan terjadinya upwelling. Upwelling yang terjadi mengakibatkan terjadinya variabilitas lapisan termoklin, upwelling yang terjadi juga mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya parameter pendukung dalam produktivitas primer di perairan yakni oksigen terlarut yang perlu dikaji lebih lanjut untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai kaitan lapisan termoklin dengan oksigen terlarut di daerah tersebut.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa pengaruh lapisan termoklin dan peran upwelling yang mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya oksigen terlarut di Samudera Hindia bagian Timur (Selatan Jawa), serta faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya upwelling di Selatan Jawa.Penelitian ini menggunakan data riset MOMSEI (Monsoon Onset Monitoring for Social and Ecosystems Impact) pada 22 September – 1 Oktober 2013. Data yang digunakan meliputi data kedalaman, suhu, salinitas, oksigen yang diukur menggunakan CTD pada tiga lajur yang berbeda dan diukur pada 16 titik stasiun di lapangan. Data sebaran suhu dan pola sirkulasi arus laut menggunakan data dari HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan oksigen terlarut memiliki nilai yang cukup tinggi yaitu 3.5-5.5ml/l pada daerah termoklin di 3 CTD yang berbeda

Game On? Smoking Cessation Through the Gamification of mHealth: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study

BACKGROUND: Finding ways to increase and sustain engagement with mHealth interventions has become a challenge during application development. While gamification shows promise and has proven effective in many fields, critical questions remain concerning how to use gamification to modify health behavior. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate how the gamification of mHealth interventions leads to a change in health behavior, specifically with respect to smoking cessation. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative longitudinal study using a sample of 16 smokers divided into 2 cohorts (one used a gamified intervention and the other used a nongamified intervention). Each participant underwent 4 semistructured interviews over a period of 5 weeks. Semistructured interviews were also conducted with 4 experts in gamification, mHealth, and smoking cessation. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis undertaken. RESULTS: Results indicated perceived behavioral control and intrinsic motivation acted as positive drivers to game engagement and consequently positive health behavior. Importantly, external social influences exerted a negative effect. We identified 3 critical factors, whose presence was necessary for game engagement: purpose (explicit purpose known by the user), user alignment (congruency of game and user objectives), and functional utility (a well-designed game). We summarize these findings in a framework to guide the future development of gamified mHealth interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Gamification holds the potential for a low-cost, highly effective mHealth solution that may replace or supplement the behavioral support component found in current smoking cessation programs. The framework reported here has been built on evidence specific to smoking cessation, however it can be adapted to health interventions in other disease categories. Future research is required to evaluate the generalizability and effectiveness of the framework, directly against current behavioral support therapy interventions in smoking cessation and beyond

ANALISIS FAKTOR RESIKO YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEJADIAN DEPRESI PADA MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS NUSA CENDANA

Menurut  PPDGJ-III depresi merupakan salah satu gangguan mood yang ditandai dengan gejala utama berupa afek depresif, kehilangan minat dan kehilangan energi yang ditandai dengan cepat lelah. Depresi dapat menjadi kondisi kesehatan yang serius, karena dapat berujung pada bunuh diri. Bunuh diri  merupakan penyebab utama kematian kedua pada usia 15-29 tahun. Menurut Sayampanathan,dkk prevalensi gangguan cemas pada mahasiswa kedokteran di Asia mencapai 7,04%. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Rini Riana pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Nusa Cendana yang mengalami depresi ringan 52 orang (34%), depresi sedang 24 orang (15,7%), depresi berat 28 orang (18,3%) dan yang mengalami depresi sangat berat 15 orang (9,8%). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor resiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian depresi pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Nusa Cendana. Metode penelitian ini bersifat analitik observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional dengan total sampel 142 orang yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Alat ukur yang digunakan berupa skala kuesioner skala Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, kuisioner PolaAsuh Orang Tua dan kuisioner Dukungan keluarga.Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah chi square dan regresi logistik untuk multivariat. Hasil berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari 142 responden, 81 responden mengalami depresi dan 61 lainnya tidak mengalami depresi. Hasil uji chi square didapatkan faktor jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, pola asuh orang tua, suku dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kejadian depresi mempunya inilai p < 0,05, sedangkan pada faktor indeks prestasi didapatka nilai p > 0,05. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan faktor resiko yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kejadian depresi yaitu: jenis kelamin, tingkat kuliah, pola asuh orang tua, suku dan dukungan keluarga. . Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukan dari 5 faktor tersebut, faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah jenis kelamin

Women’s changing domestic responsibilities in neoliberal Africa: a relational time-space analysis of Lesotho’s garment industry

Since 2001 when Lesotho embraced the neoliberal African Growth and Opportunities Act that offers preferential access to the US market, its garment industry has expanded dramatically to become the nation’s leading employer. Elsewhere, large-scale employment of women in low-paid factory jobs has entailed spatial restructuring of gender and age relations. Lesotho is a distinctive context, with socio-spatial relations historically adjusted to male labour migration, high levels of contemporary male unemployment and alarming AIDS prevalence. Based on semi-structured interviews with 40 female factoryworkers and 37 dependents, this article applies a relational time-space analysis to explore how financial and spatio-temporal aspects of factory employment articulate to alter women’s relationships with those for whom they have culturally determined responsibilities: their children, those suffering from ill health and their (generally rural) home communities. The analysis highlights that such employment is not merely adding to women’s responsibilities, but transforming how they are able to undertake social reproduction, as practical, social and emotional roles are converted to largely financial obligations

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α sebagai Prediktor Terjadinya Anemia pada Ibu Hamil di Wilayah Endemis Malaria

Ibu hamil yang berada di daerah endemis malaria sangat rentan terhadap infeksi malaria selama kehamilan. Gejala malaria pada kelompok ini sering asimptomatik atau bahkan tidak terdeteksi sama sekali karena adanya efek imunitas protektif melalui infeksi yang berulang. Adanya peningkatan kadar tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) dapat dijadikan indikator terjadinya infeksi malaria. TNF-α berperan penting dalam respons imun pada malaria akut yang menghambat terjadinya eritropoesis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar TNF-α dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil didaerah endemik malaria vivax. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang, dilakukan pada bulan Januari - Februari 2014 di lima wilayah kerja puskesmas Kota Bengkulu. Sampel penelitian adalah ibu hamil di daerah endemis malaria vivax yang diambil secara accidental sampling. Dilakukan pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan mikroskopis malaria, kadar TNF-α dan kadar hemoglobin (Hb). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seluruh ibu hamil memiliki riwayat pernah terinfeksi malaria vivax, walaupun hasil pemeriksaan slide negatif. Terjadi peningkatan kadar TNF- α dengan rerata 6,90 ± 2,48 pg/mL dan penurunan kadar Hb dengan rerata 9,75 ± 0,88 g%. Uji korelasi Spearman didapatkan korelasi negatif yang kuat (r = -0,734) dan bermakna (nilai p < 0,05) antara Kadar TNF-α dengan kadar Hb. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar TNF-α dengan kejadian anemia.Tumor Necrosis Factor-α as Predictor of Anemia Occurrence among Pregnant Mothers in Malaria-Endemic AreasPregnant mothers living in malaria - endemic area are very susceptible to malaria infection during pregnancy. Malaria symptoms in this group are often asymptomatic or even not detected at all due to protective immunity effect through repeated infections. Any elevation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level can be used as indicator of malaria infection. TNF-α takes an important role in immune response on acute malaria that hinders occurence eritropoesis process. This study aimed to find out relations between TNF-α level and anemia occurrence among pregnant women living in malaria vivax - endemic areas. The study used cross-sectional design conducted on January to February 2014 in five working areas in Bengkulu city. Sample of study was pregnant mothers in malaria vivax - endemic areas which was taken through accidental sampling. Blood was taken for malaria-microscopic examination, TNF-α and haemoglobine (Hb) level. The results showed that all of pregnant mothers have malaria vivax - infected record, although slide examination showed negative result. Any TNF-α level elevation with average 6.90 ± 2.48 pg/mL and decrease of Hb level with average 9.75 ± 0.88 g%. Spearman correlation test showed strong negative correlation (r = -0.734) and significant (p value < 0.05) between TNF-α level and Hb level. There was significant relation between TNF-α level and anemia occurrence