Associations between hoof lesions and locomotion score in 1098 unsound dairy cows

To investigate the association between locomotion score and types of hoof lesion, cows from 91 selected dairy herds in southern Chile were studied. The locomotion score was recorded for all of the lactating cows (n = 10,699). The mean prevalence of lame cows, when all locomotion scores >1 were included was 33.2% in large herds and 28.7% in small herds. There were 39.7%, 42%, 17.9% and 0.4% cows with locomotion scores of 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Feet (with locomotion scores representative of all severities of lameness) were examined on 676 cows from 34 large herds and 422 cows from 57 small herds. The prevalence of lesions by type ranged from 65% of cattle with at least one white line lesion to 2% of cattle with an interdigital growth. The lesions linked with increasingly poor locomotion were sole ulcer, double sole and interdigital purulent inflammation. There was correlation between claw skin lesions and also between sole ulcer and double sole within cows. It was concluded that the presence of a lesion does not imply that it is necessarily associated with increasing locomotion score. The lack of association between certain lesions and poor locomotion scores indicates either that these lesions are causing different severities of lameness, or that the case definitions used were not sufficiently precise. Locomotion score may not be sensitive enough to detect all lesions (and possibly discomfort)

La formación del magisterio indígena y su evaluación. Una discusión necesaria en el marco de la reforma educativa 2013

En este artículo nos proponemos mostrar los procesos históricos que permitieron la incorporación de indígenas a la profesión magisterial y los cambios por los que han transitado hasta convertirse en un gremio magisterial. Posteriormente expondremos algunas de las premisas sobre la formación y la evaluación docentes contempladas en la reforma educativa de 2013

La Organización Sociedad Civil “Las Abejas”. Procesos de lucha, resistencia y educación indígena

En la presente investigación se analiza y reflexiona sobre los procesos de lucha y resistencia de la Organización Sociedad Civil “Las Abejas”. Se argumenta que la educación alternativa que se construye y transmite en y desde el Proyecto de Educación Alternativa Tsotsil es un producto de la lucha y la resistencia de la organización. Este proyecto educativo con el tiempo se ha convertido en espacio privilegiado para entender cómo es que las nuevas generaciones se forman para la lucha y la resistencia indígena.Doctor en Ciencias Sociales y HumanísticasCAPÍTULO INTRODUCTORIO..8; 1La lucha y la resistencia indígena un campo para la investigación..9; 2Marco conceptual..11; 2.1Filosofía de la liberación..11; 2.2El concepto de hegemonía en el contexto de los Estados-nacionales y su relación con la lucha y la resistencia indígena..15; 2.3Lucha y resistencia conceptos centrales para la transformación social..18; 2.3.1Primera etapa de lucha y resistencia..24; 2.3.2 Segunda etapa de la lucha y resistencia indígena..25; 2.3.3 Tercera etapa de la lucha y resistencia indígena en el contexto de la globalización..28; 2.3.4 La transnacionalización de los conflictos..38; 3 Metodología..41; 4 Estructura de la tesis..47; CAPÍTULOI LA ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIEDAD CIVIL “LAS ABEJAS”CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO, ORIGEN Y DESARROLLO..50; 1. Lucha y resistencia indígena en los altos de Chiapas..50; 1.2 Influencia del EZLN en la lucha y la resistencia indígena..60; 1.3 El municipio de Chenalhó. Entre el despojo, el abuso y la resistencia..65; 1.3.1 Usos, costumbres y educación..67; 1.3.2 Lucha y resistencia indígena en Chenalhó..70; 1.3.3 La emergencia de la organización sociedad civil “las abejas”..74; CAPÍTULO II DISCURSOS PÚBLICOS ENTORNO A LA MASACRE DE ACTEAL 1998-2006..77; 2 La masacre de Acteal..77; 2.1Reacciones de los medios de comunicación ante la masacre de Acteal (1998)..80; 2.1.1 Impunidad y olvido a dos años de la masacre de Acteal (1999)..83; 2.1.2Un nuevo siglo comenzó. La vieja impunidad se mantuvo en Acteal (2000)..84; 2.1.3 La impunidad en el caso Acteal en el marco del congreso nacional indígena (2001)..86; 2.1.4 El fin del desplazamiento en el marco de la impunidad en la masacre de Acteal (2002)..88; 2.1 Ante la impunidad en la masacre de Acteal y la guerra de baja intensidad, la resistencia de la organización sociedad civil “Las abejas” (2003)..90; 2.1.6 Ante la impunidad en la masacre de Acteal la organización sociedad civil “Las abejas” fortalece su organización y apuesta por la educación alternativa (2004)..93; 2.1.7 La comisión interamericana de derechos humanos ante la masacre de Acteal (2005)..96; 2.1.8 En el gobierno del cambio. La impunidad y el olvido de la masacre de Acteal continuaron (2006)..97; CAPÍTULO III DISCURSOS PÚBLICOS DELA ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIEDAD CIVIL “LAS ABEJAS”EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA IMPUNIDAD EN LA MASACRE DE ACTEAL..100; 3 El retorno a las bases (2007)..100; 3.1 El rompimiento con las autoridades (2008)..107; 3.1. Acteal crimen de estado que sigue impune (2009)..113; 3.1.2 Denuncia de la contrainsurgencia realizada por parte del “mal gobierno” (2010)..120; 3.1.3 Tejiendo redes de solidaridad y de lucha pacífica dentro y fuera del país (2011)..129; 3.1.4 La organización sociedad civil “Las abejas” ante la coyuntura electoral y el regreso del PRI al poder (2012)..136; CAPÍTULO IVHORIZONTES FILOSÓFICOS, PEDAGÓGICOS Y POLÍTICOS DE LA FORMACIÓN EN LA LUCHA Y LA RESISTENCIA..145; 4 Premisas fundamentales de la filosofía de la educación..145; 4.1Fundamentos filosóficos de la pedagogía crítica..152; 4.2 La pedagogía de la liberación. Un paradigma teórico de lucha y resistencia a través de la educación..156; 4.2.1Premisas pedagógicas y políticas del pensamiento Freireano..159; 4.2.2Fundamentos epistemológicos y metodológicos de la pedagogía de la liberación..162; 4.3Educación popular..164; 4.4 La emergencia de la teología de la liberación..168; 4.4.1La teología de la liberación en el estado de Chiapas..170; 4.4.2 La incorporación de la teología de la liberación en los altos de Chiapas y la formación de agentes pastorales en laconcientización político-pedagógica..172; CAPÍTULO V EL PROYECTO DE EDUCACIÓN ALTERNATIVA TSOTSIL,UNA EXPERIENCIA DE LUCHA Y RESISTENCIA INDÍGENA..179; 5 La educación alternativa: estrategia de lucha y resistencia indígena..179; 5.1 Propuestas de educación alternativa vistas desde la secretaría de educación pública..181; 5.2 La educación alternativa contestataria..200; 5.3 La educación alternativa en chiapas..209; 5.4 El proyecto de educación alternativa tsotsil..219; 5.4.1Emergencia del proyecto de educación alternativa para los desplazados de Chenalhó..220; 5.4.2 El proyecto de educación alternativa tsotsil..226; 5.4.3 Características generales del proyecto de educación alternativa tsotsil..232; 5.4.4 Dinámicas de trabajo en el proyecto de educación alternativa tsotsil..234; 5.4.5 Problemáticas y necesidades de losalumnos y alumnas del proyecto de educación alternativa tsotsil..239; 5.4.6 Las problemáticas y necesidades de los alumnos reflexionadas y trabajadas desde el Proyecto de Educación Alternativa Tsotsil..253; 5.4.7 Discursos y prácticas de lucha y resistencia por parte de los alumnos y alumnas del Proyecto de Educación Alternativa Tsotsil..258; CONCLUSIONES FINALES..264; BIBLIOGRAFÍA..28

Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundFuture trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050.MethodsUsing forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline.FindingsIn the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]).InterpretationGlobally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.</p