Results ANOVA Differences in brain activation between and within groups.

<p>Abbreviations: F value for F-statistic, p p-value for f-statistic.</p><p>¹ = group * ROI * hemisphere interaction</p><p>² = group * ROI interaction</p><p>³ = condition * ROI * hemisphere interaction</p><p>⁴ = condition * ROI interaction</p><p>Results ANOVA Differences in brain activation between and within groups.</p

Patient Characteristics.

<p>Abbreviations: TPS time post stroke, M Male, F Female, Hand Handedness (Dexterity was established by the Edinburgh Hand Inventory), R right, L left, R+ forced to write, A ambidextrous, Hem lesioned hemisphere, P pontine, C extending to cortex, SC subcortical.</p><p>*NHPT results are given as percentage of norm scores (corrected for age and handedness).</p><p>Patient Characteristics.</p

Group activation move vs. rest for 4 sessions, unaffected amplitude (UA), affected amplitude (AA), unaffected force (UF), and affected force (AF) between patients (P) and controls(C).

<p>For illustration purposes threshold was set at T>5 uncorrected.</p

Mean results for Amplitude and Force tasks for the unaffected and affected hand for patients and controls.

<p>Bars show the mean beta per ROI (±1 SD) cerebellum, PM, SMA, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus and insula for the left (affected) and right (unaffected) hemisphere (LH, RH). Patients’ T-maps were flipped so affected hand was always the right hand.</p

Results from analysis of data-glove data on task performance and mirror movements and scores on isometric contractions derived from EMG-data for controls.

<p>Abbreviations: EMG Electromyography, MM mirror movements, SD standard deviation, t-test student’s t test statistic, p p-value for student’s t test statistic, UA unaffected amplitude, AA affected amplitude, UF unaffected force, AF affected force, NA Data unavailable (due to malfunction of equipment), <math><mrow><mrow><mi>%</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>V</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">¯</mo></mrow></math> % of EMG signal during maximum voluntary contraction.</p><p>Results from analysis of data-glove data on task performance and mirror movements and scores on isometric contractions derived from EMG-data for controls.</p

Histogram of incidence of isometric contractions (MM) in the contralateral hand defined by a score consisting of the correlation of the electromyography (EMG) signal measured at the extensor muscles of the contralateral hand during the task with the task boxcar multiplied by the average % of maximal voluntary contraction (%MVE¯) (measured before the session in the scanner) of the muscle during the session.

<p>Patient-scores are depicted in black. Control-scores are depicted in grey.</p

Results from analysis of data-glove data on task performance and mirror movements and scores on isometric contractions derived from EMG-data for patients.

<p>Abbreviations: EMG Electromyography, MM mirror movements, SD standard deviation, t-test student’s t test statistic, p p-value for student’s t test statistic, UA unaffected amplitude, AA affected amplitude, UF unaffected force, AF affected force, NA Data unavailable (due to malfunction of equipment), <math><mrow><mrow><mi>%</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>V</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">¯</mo></mrow></math> percentage of EMG signal during maximum voluntary contraction.</p><p>Results from analysis of data-glove data on task performance and mirror movements and scores on isometric contractions derived from EMG-data for patients.</p

No changes in functional connectivity during motor recovery beyond 5 weeks after stroke; A longitudinal resting-state fMRI study

<div><p>Spontaneous motor recovery after stroke appears to be associated with structural and functional changes in the motor network. The aim of the current study was to explore time-dependent changes in resting-state (rs) functional connectivity in motor-impaired stroke patients, using rs-functional MRI at 5 weeks and 26 weeks post-stroke onset. For this aim, 13 stroke patients from the EXPLICIT-stroke Trial and age and gender-matched healthy control subjects were included. Patients’ synergistic motor control of the paretic upper-limb was assessed with the upper extremity section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA-UE) within 2 weeks, and at 5 and 26 weeks post-stroke onset. Results showed that the ipsilesional rs-functional connectivity between motor areas was lower compared to the contralesional rs-functional connectivity, but this difference did not change significantly over time. No relations were observed between changes in rs-functional connectivity and upper-limb motor recovery, despite changes in upper-limb function as measured with the FMA-UE. Last, overall rs-functional connectivity was comparable for patients and healthy control subjects. To conclude, the current findings did not provide evidence that in moderately impaired stroke patients the lower rs-functional connectivity of the ipsilesional hemisphere changed over time.</p></div

Demographic and stroke characteristics measured at 8 days, 35.6 days, and 187 days post-stroke.

<p>Demographic and stroke characteristics measured at 8 days, 35.6 days, and 187 days post-stroke.</p

Rs-functional connectivity scores for affected versus non-affected hemispheres in stroke patients at 5 weeks post-stroke onset, compared to rs-functional connectivity per hemisphere of reference in healthy control subjects.

<p>Rs-functional connectivity scores for affected versus non-affected hemispheres in stroke patients at 5 weeks post-stroke onset, compared to rs-functional connectivity per hemisphere of reference in healthy control subjects.</p