Alien Registration- Poulin, Fleurette (Lewiston, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/27955/thumbnail.jp

Systemic and mucosal infection program protective memory CD8 T cells in the vaginal mucosa.

Whether mucosal immunization is required for optimal protective CD8 T cell memory at mucosal surfaces is controversial. In this study, using an adoptive transfer system, we compare the efficacy of two routes of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral infection on the generation, maintenance, and localization of Ag-specific CD8 T cells in tissues, including the vaginal mucosa. Surprisingly, at day 8, i.p. infection results in higher numbers of Ag-specific CD8 T cells in the vaginal mucosa and iliac lymph node, as well as 2-3x more Ag-specific CD8 T cells that coexpress both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in comparison to the intranasal route of infection. Expression of the integrin/activation marker CD103 (alphaEbeta7) is low on vaginal mucosal Ag-specific CD8 T cells in comparison to gut mucosal intraepithelial lymphocytes. At memory, no differences are evident in the number, cytokine production, or protective function of Ag-specific CD8 T cells in the vaginal mucosa comparing the two routes of infection. However, differences persist in the cytokine profile of genital tract vs peripheral Ag-specific CD8 T cells. So although the initial route of infection, as well as tissue microenvironment, appear to influence both the magnitude and quality of the effector CD8 T cell response, both systemic and mucosal infection are equally effective in the differentiation of protective memory CD8 T cell responses against vaginal pathogenic challenge

A major dengue epidemic in 2022 in Nepal: need of an efficient early-warning system

Dengue has become a recurrent and growing threat to public health in Nepal. The epidemic in 2022 was the largest ever reported, with cases being reported in all of the country’s seven provinces and 77 districts. Despite the establishment of an early-warning and reporting system (EWARS) in 1997, the lack of clear criteria for alarm signals and outbreak definitions in national guidelines delayed the epidemic declaration in 2022, which resulted in an increased number of cases and fatalities. For this article, we analyzed national data from previous years, which demonstrate that an epidemic could have been declared early in July, and that that would have resulted in fewer cases and fatalities if clear criteria for outbreak declarations had also been put in place. We also reviewed the existing national guidelines for dengue prevention and control, and propose recommendations to improve their implementation, particularly with regard to vector control measures. This article also highlights the need for a coordinated effort between multisector stakeholders, strengthened disease surveillance systems, and the establishment of predefined alarm signals and epidemic declaration criteria so that future epidemics are identified in a timely manner. The early outbreak warning system can potentially prevent future large outbreaks and minimize their negative impacts on the country’s health systems and economy

CARACTÉRISTIQUES DES RESTAURANTS PUBLICS RELIÉES À L’HYGIÈNE, QUALITÉ ET SÉCURITÉ DES DENRÉES ALIMENTAIRES OBSERVÉES AU SEIN DU MARCHÉ DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PÉDAGOGIQUE NATIONALE DE KINSHASA

Food is the first element of transmission of microorganisms when the food consumed is not healthy. Access to quality food for all depends first and foremost on the regular improvement of the food supply. This study is conducted to identify the characteristics of public restaurants, assess the hygiene, quality, and safety of foodstuffs at the UPN market, and contribute to the improvement of itsconditions. A non-probability sampling of the accidental type was opted for. One hundred restaurant vendors in the UPN market were interviewed. The field survey method using the interview guided by a mixed questionnaire was carried out. SPSS 16.0 software was used for data export and statistical processing. After analyzing and processing the data, we found that 55% of the restaurants had sheet metal walls. 67% had cement floors and 33% earth. 83% had sheet metal roofs, followed by 14% cardboard/bag/tarpaulins. And overall, the hygiene measures in the restaurants visited were not respected, which affects the quality and safety of consumer goods. There are significant or even very significantstatistical relationships between food hygiene measures and the state of the servants' behavior in the UPN's public restaurants. We suggest that the necessary means for food hygiene measures in public restaurants be available. Keywords: Food, food safety, quality, environmental epidemiology, malewa, hygiene, foodstuffs, food.Les aliments constituent le premier élément de transmission des microorganismes lorsque les aliments consommés ne sont pas sains. L'accès de tous à une alimentation de qualité passe d'abord et avant tout par l'amélioration régulière de l'offre alimentaire. Cette étude est conduite envie d’identifier les caractéristiques des restaurants publics, évaluer l’hygiène, qualité et sécurité des denrées alimentaires au marché de l’UPN et de contribuer à l’amélioration de ses conditions. Un échantillonnage non probabiliste du type accidentel a été opté. 100 vendeurs des restaurants du marché de l’UPN ont été interviewés. La méthode d’enquête sur terrain recourant à l’interview guidée par un questionnaire mixte a été réalisée. Le logiciel SPSS 16.0 a servi pour l’exportation des données et leurs exploitations statistiques.   Après analyse et traitement des données, nous avons trouvé que 55% des restaurants avaient des murs en tôles. 67% avaient des pavements en ciments et 33% en terre. 83% avaient des toits en tôles métalliques, suivi de 14% en  carton/sac/bâches. Et globalement les mesures d’hygiène dans les restaurants visités n’étaient pas respectées, cela affecte la qualité et la sécurité des biens de consommation. Il existe des relations statistiques significatives voir même très significatives entre les mesures d’hygiène alimentaire et l’Etat de la tenue des agents servants dans les restaurants publics l’UPN. Nous suggérons la disponibilité des moyens nécessaires pour que les mesures d’hygiène des denrées alimentaires dans les restaurants publics soient appliquées

Measles outbreak in the Philippines: epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized children, 2016-2019.

BACKGROUND: Measles outbreaks increased worldwide during 2017-19. The largest outbreak in the World Health Organisation Western Pacific region occurred in the Philippines where first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage had reduced to 75% in 2018. The aim of this study was to summarise paediatric measles admissions to the national infectious diseases referral hospital in Manila during 2016 to 2019. METHODS: A retrospective single-centre observational study including 5,562 children aged under five years admitted with measles from January 2016 to December 2019. We summarised sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, vaccine status, reported exposures, and outcomes. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were undertaken to assess associations between different characteristics of hospitalised children and death. FINDINGS: The median age of children hospitalised with measles was 11 months (interquartile range: 7-28). 84·5% of cases were reported not to have received any MCV. The risk of mortality was 3·2%, with 41% of deaths occurring among children aged less than 9 months. No children died who had received two MCV. The following characteristics were significantly associated with mortality in the multivariable analysis: age group, residence outside of the national capital region, not having received any MCV, duration between onset of fever and hospital admission of 7-14 days compared with 0-3 days, not receiving vitamin A supplementation, having pneumonia, and gastroenteritis. INTERPRETATION: The Philippines remains at risk of future measles epidemics. Routine immunization needs to be strengthened and earlier timing of MCV1 requires further evaluation to reduce measles incidence and mortality

Measles outbreak in the Philippines: epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized children, 2016-2019

Background: Measles outbreaks increased worldwide during 2017-19. The largest outbreak in the World Health Organisation Western Pacific region occurred in the Philippines where first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage had reduced to 75% in 2018. The aim of this study was to summarise paediatric measles admissions to the national infectious diseases referral hospital in Manila during 2016 to 2019.Methods: A retrospective single-centre observational study including 5,562 children aged under five years admitted with measles from January 2016 to December 2019. We summarised sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, vaccine status, reported exposures, and outcomes. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were undertaken to assess associations between different characteristics of hospitalised children and death.Findings: The median age of children hospitalised with measles was 11 months (interquartile range: 7-28). 84·5% of cases were reported not to have received any MCV. The risk of mortality was 3·2%, with 41% of deaths occurring among children aged less than 9 months. No children died who had received two MCV. The following characteristics were significantly associated with mortality in the multivariable analysis: age group, residence outside of the national capital region, not having received any MCV, duration between onset of fever and hospital admission of 7-14 days compared with 0-3 days, not receiving vitamin A supplementation, having pneumonia, and gastroenteritis.Interpretation: The Philippines remains at risk of future measles epidemics. Routine immunization needs to be strengthened and earlier timing of MCV1 requires further evaluation to reduce measles incidence and mortality

Alien Registration- Durand, Fleurette (Sanford, York County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/4059/thumbnail.jp