Emotions in consumer behavior: a hierarchical approach.

Abstract A growing body of consumer research studies emotions evoked by marketing stimuli, products and brands. Yet, there has been a wide divergence in the content and structure of emotions used in these studies. In this paper, we will show that the seemingly diverging research streams can be integrated in a hierarchical consumer emotions model

The bleeding phenotype in people with nonsevere hemophilia

Detailed information on the onset, frequency, and severity of bleeding in nonsevere hemophilia is limited. We aimed to assess the bleeding phenotype of persons with nonsevere hemophilia and to analyze the association between baseline factor VIII/IX (FVIII/IX) levels and the joint bleeding rate. In the DYNAMO (Dynamic Interplay Between Bleeding Phenotype and Baseline Factor Level in Moderate and Mild Hemophilia A and B) study, an international multicenter cohort, we included males with nonsevere hemophilia (FVIII/IX, 0.02-0.35 IU/mL) aged 12 to 55 years. Information on age at first treated (joint) bleed, annual bleeding rates (ABRs), and annual joint bleeding rates (AJBRs) was collected from the medical files. The association between baseline FVIII/IX levels and the joint bleeding rate was assessed by using a frailty model for recurrent events. In total, 304 persons (70 with moderate hemophilia and 234 with mild hemophilia) were included. The median age was 38 years (interquartile range [IQR], 25-49 years), and the median baseline FVIII/IX level was 0.12 IU/mL (IQR, 0.05-0.21 IU/mL). In total, 245 (81%) persons had experienced at least 1 bleed, and 156 (51%) had experienced at least 1 joint bleed. The median age at first bleed and first joint bleed was 8 and 10 years, respectively. The median ABR and AJBR was 0.2 (IQR, 0.1-0.5) and 0.0 (IQR, 0.0-0.2). From baseline FVIII/IX levels 0.02 to 0.05 IU/mL to >0.25 IU/mL, the median ABR decreased from 0.6 (IQR, 0.2-1.4) to 0.1 (IQR, 0.0-0.2) and the AJBR from 0.2 (IQR, 0.0-0.4) to 0.0 (IQR, 0.0-0.0). Baseline FVIII/IX was inversely associated with the joint bleeding rate (P < .001). Low bleeding rates were observed in persons with nonsevere hemophilia. However, one-half of all adolescents and adults had experienced a joint bleed

Little discrepancy between one-stage and chromogenic factor VIII (FVIII)/IX assays in a large international cohort of persons with nonsevere hemophilia A and B

Background: Accurate measurements of coagulation factor activity form an essential part of hemophilia management and are performed by the one-stage or chromogenic assay. Current literature suggests that approximately one-third of persons with nonsevere hemophilia A exhibit assay discrepancy, albeit with a high variability between studies. Such data are scarce in nonsevere hemophilia B. Objectives: To investigate the extent of factor VIII/IX one-stage and chromogenic assay discrepancy in moderate and mild hemophilia A and B. Methods: Persons with previously diagnosed nonsevere hemophilia A and B with a factor level of 2 to 35 IU/dL were included from the international DYNAMO cohort study. Central measurements of the factor VIII and IX activity levels were performed by the one-stage and chromogenic assay. Relative and absolute discrepancy definitions were used, with the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis-Scientific and Standardization Committee proposed ratio of >2.0 or 10 IU/dL between the assay results. In addition, with more lenient definitions, over 90% of participants (n = 197) had no discrepant results. Only 1 out of 13 persons with a mutation previously associated with discrepancy had significant assay discrepancy. Conclusion: Little assay discrepancy was observed despite the presence of mutations previously associated with discrepancy, suggesting that the presence and magnitude of assay discrepancy are largely determined by laboratory variables

Little discrepancy between one-stage and chromogenic FVIII/IX assays in a large international cohort of persons with non-severe hemophilia A and B

Background Accurate measurements of coagulation factor activity form an essential part of hemophilia management and are performed by the one-stage or chromogenic assay. Current literature suggests that approximately one-third of persons with non-severe hemophilia A exhibit assay discrepancy, although with a high variability between studies. Such data are scarce in non-severe hemophilia B. Objective To investigate the extent of FVIII/IX one-stage and chromogenic assay discrepancy in moderate and mild hemophilia A and B. Methods Persons with previously diagnosed non-severe hemophilia A and B with a factor level 2-35 IU/dL were included from the international DYNAMO cohort study. Central measurements of the FVIII and FIX activity levels were performed by the one-stage and chromogenic assay. Relative and absolute discrepancy definitions were used with the ISTH-SSC proposed ratio of >2.0 or <0.5 being the primary outcome. Discrepancy was also evaluated in a subgroup of 13 persons with mutations previously associated with discrepancy (≥3 cases reported in literature). Results A total of 220 persons were included of whom 3 (1%) showed assay discrepancy: 2/175 hemophilia A and 1/45 hemophilia B. Six persons (3%) exhibited an absolute difference >10 IU/dL between the assay results. Also with more lenient definitions over 90% of participants (n=197) had no discrepant results. Only 1 of 13 persons with a mutation previously associated with discrepancy had significant assay discrepancy. Conclusion Little assay discrepancy was observed despite the presence of mutations previously associated with discrepancy, suggesting that the presence and magnitude of assay discrepancy is largely determined by laboratory variables