Implementation of a 4G/5G Base Station Using the srsRAN Software and the USRP Software Radio Module, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2023, nr 3

This article presents the potential applications and scenarios for the implementation of a software-defined radio (SDR) module operating as a base station in 4G/5G networks. The paper presents test configurations of the srsRAN software environment in conjunction with various types of programmable radio modules. Then, the key performance metrics of the mobile telephony system and potential problems that may be encountered while implementing hardware and software layers are presented

Implementation of a 4G/5G Base Station Using the srsRAN Software and the USRP Software Radio Module

This article presents the potential applications and scenarios for the implementation of a software-defined radio (SDR) module operating as a base station in 4G/5G networks. The paper presents test configurations of the srsRAN software environment in conjunction with various types of programmable radio modules. Then, the key performance metrics of the mobile telephony system and potential problems that may be encountered while implementing hardware and software layers are presented

Tempo and Mode of Spliceosomal Intron Evolution in Actin of Foraminifera

Spliceosomal introns are present in almost all eukaryotic genes, yet little is known about their origin and turnover in the majority of eukaryotic phyla. There is no agreement whether most introns are ancestral and have been lost in some lineage or have been gained recently. We addressed this question by analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of introns in actins of foraminifera, a group of testate protists whose exceptionally rich fossil record permits the calibration of molecular phylogenies to date intron origins. We identified 24 introns dispersed along the sequence of two foraminiferan actin paralogues and actin deviating proteins, an unconventional type of fast-evolving actin found in some foraminifera. Comparison of intron positions indicates that 20 of 24 introns are specific to foraminifera. Four introns shared between foraminifera and other eukaryotes were interpreted as parallel gains because they have been found only in single species belonging to phylogenetically distinctive lineages. Moreover, additional recent intron gain due to the transfer between the actin paralogues was observed in two cultured species. Based on a relaxed molecular clock timescale, we conclude that intron gains in actin took place throughout the evolution of foraminifera, with the oldest introns inserted between 550 and 500 million years ago and the youngest ones acquired less than 100 million years ago

Multigene evidence for close evolutionary relations between Gromia and Foraminifera

Gromia oviformis is a common marine rhizopod, possessing a large ovoid membraneous theca that resembles the tests of certain monothalamous (single-chambered) foraminifers. In fact, the genus Gromia was initially classified among the Foraminifera, but because of its non-granular, filose pseudopodia it was later included among filopodia-bearing protists (the Filosea). Recent molecular phylogenies suggested that Gromia branches among Cercozoa, a heterogeneous assemblage of mainly amoeboid protists, which show some affinities to Foraminifera. To test how closely related are Gromia and Foraminifera, we have analysed the sequences of actin, large subunit of the RNA polymerase II (RPB1) and small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes. We also analysed the structure of the polyubiquitin gene of G. oviformis. Our analyses show that Gromia’s actin is specifically related to one of the two actin genes families known in Foraminifera. In RPB1-based phylogenies, Gromia appears as the closest relative of Foraminifera, while in the SSU rRNA trees it branches as sister to Foraminifera and Haplosporidia. We identified also a single serine insertion in the polyubiquitin of Gromia, similar to that found in Foraminifera, Plasmodiophorida and some Cercozoa. Altogether, these findings support the hypothesis that the morphological resemblance between Gromia and Foraminifera may be due to a shared common ancestor. If further analyses of protein-coding genes including a more representative sampling of Cercozoa confirm this relationship, then the molecular study of G. oviformis will be of key importance for understanding the origin of Foraminifera