Tests for the significance of autocorrelation at each distance class for first-year and young seedlings at clay and sandy soils, presenting number of pairs tested (<i>n</i>), autocorrelation <i>r</i>-values (<i>r</i>).

<p>Multiclass test criteria (<i>ω</i>) for testing the hypothesis of “no autocorrelation” at any distance class. Significance represented by **<0.01; ***<0.001.</p

Number of individuals from the four different size classes at each plot, soil category (sandy for less than 15% of clay in soil composition, and clay for more than 15% of clay) and the total number of seedlings included in the genetic analysis for each size class.

<p>Number of individuals from the four different size classes at each plot, soil category (sandy for less than 15% of clay in soil composition, and clay for more than 15% of clay) and the total number of seedlings included in the genetic analysis for each size class.</p

Summary of genetic diversity. Sample size (<i>n</i>), average allele number per locus (Na), effective allele number (Ne), number of private alleles and frequencies in parenthesis (Pa), observed heterozygosity (H_o), expected heterozygosity (H_e) and fixation index (F). Standard error values are within parenthesis.

<p>Summary of genetic diversity. Sample size (<i>n</i>), average allele number per locus (Na), effective allele number (Ne), number of private alleles and frequencies in parenthesis (Pa), observed heterozygosity (H_o), expected heterozygosity (H_e) and fixation index (F). Standard error values are within parenthesis.</p

Spatial genetic structure at different life stages of <i>Protium subserratum</i>.

<p>Correlogram presenting SGS for <i>P. subserratum</i> seedlings of different height classes sampled at 14 plots at Ducke: (A) are seedlings up to 20 cm tall; (B) are seedlings from 21 to 40 cm tall, (C) are seedlings from 41 to 100 cm tall and (D) are juveniles and adults taller than 200 cm. The points indicate <i>r</i>-values with the error bars and the dashed lines are the upper and lower 95% CI limits around the mean value (<i>r</i> = 0) of the null distribution of a random distribution of alleles in space. The number of pairs compared at each distance class is reported in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062639#pone-0062639-t003" target="_blank">table 3</a>.</p

Inter-generational genetic structure analysis: seedling/seedling similarity vs. seedling/adult similarity.

<p>Kinship values (<i>F_ij</i>) of adult-seedling pairs (continuous lines) and seedling-seedling pairs (dotted lines) for each plant size class along five distance classes. (A) for first-year seedlings, (B) for young seedlings, (C) for saplings and (D) for all size classes pooled together.</p

Tests for the significance of autocorrelation at each distance class, presenting number of pairs tested (<i>n</i>), autocorrelation <i>r</i>-values (<i>r</i>) and the multiclass test criteria (<i>ω</i>) shown for: i) first-year seedlings (<20 cm); ii) young seedlings (21–40 cm); iii) saplings (41–100 cm); and iv) juveniles and trees (>200 cm).

<p>Significance represented by *<0.05, **<0.01; ***<0.001.</p

Site location and sampling design.

<p>Study site location in the Central Amazon, north of Manaus, Brazil. The trail grid is shown in the right figure and the plots that contained sufficient individuals for SGS analyses are represented by black dots. Topographical variation is shown in a grey-scale, from low (white) to high areas (black). In the lower left of the figure the sampling scheme is depicted, including 5 sampling lines of 2 m width and 250 m length. The extra sampling area conducted around each adult (black dot), is represented by points around it (open circles), excluding areas previously sampled in the lines (gray circles).</p

Spatial genetic structure calculated for (A) plants smaller than 40 cm, (B) plants taller than 40 cm and (C) all individuals pooled together.

<p>Correlogram of SGS for <i>P. subserratum</i> plants sampled at Ducke. The points indicate <i>r</i>-values with the error bars and the dashed lines are the upper and lower 95% CI limits around the mean value (<i>r</i> = 0) of the null distribution of a random distribution of alleles in space. Distance classes represent 10 m intervals, from 10 to 250 m.</p

Comparisons of autocorrelation patterns of fine-scale genetic structure between size classes of <i>P. subserratum</i> at Ducke, Manaus, Brazil.

<p>Statistics and associated probabilities for the differences in SGS between plant size classes, for each distance class (<i>t²</i>) and for the whole correlogram (<i>ω</i>). Significance represented by ⁺<0.1, *<0.05, **<0.01.</p

Spatial genetic structure of <i>Protium subserratum</i> seedlings at different soil types.

<p>Correlograms of SGS for 40 cm height <i>P. subserratum</i> seedlings at plots with different soil texture at Ducke: (A) are seedlings in clayey soils and (B) are seedlings in sandy soils. The points indicate <i>r</i>-values with error bars and the dashed lines represent 95% CI limits around the mean value (<i>r</i> = 0) of the null distribution of a random distribution of alleles in space. The number of comparisons for each distance class is reported in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062639#pone-0062639-t005" target="_blank">table 5</a>.</p