State Labor Legislation Enacted in 2012

Laws concerning child labor, equal employment opportunity, human trafficking, immigration legislation, independent contractors, and prevailing wages were among the most active areas for state lawmakers in 2012

The Scrophulariaceae of Iowa

The Figwort family comprises nearly 2,500 species, which are grouped in about 165 genera. The species are quite widely distributed, but are most abundant in temperate regions, occurring rarely towards the poles and equator. Heller, in his Catalogue of North American Plants, includes 51 genera and 627 species and varieties belonging to the Figwort family. The flora of Iowa has representatives of 21 genera, there being about 45 species

The Juglandaceae of Iowa

The walnut family comprises six genera and about 35 species. Only two genera occur in Iowa, namely, Juglans (Walnut) and Hicoria (Hickory), and these two genera are represented by two and five species respectively. From an economic point of view the species are valuable and consequently have been largely utilized until but few specimens of the older forest remain. The younger growth is hardy and will, if spared, eventually yield fair returns

Betulaceae of Iowa

The Birch family as now understood, comprises six genera and about seventy-five species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. Some authors include this family with the Oak or Beech family under the name of Cupuliferae. The chief distinction is the arrangement of the pistillate flowers. The Birch family has the pistillate flowers in aments while the Oak family has the pistillate flowers subtended by an involucre which becomes a bur or cup in fruit

The Fagaceae of Iowa

The oak family comprises five genera and 375 species. The family is of wide geographical distribution, and from an economic point of view, of very great value. Four genera occur in the United States, namely, Fagus (the Beech), Castanea (the Chestnut), Quercus (the Oak), and Castanopsis. The number of species and varieties recognized is 87. Of this number 82 belong to the genus Quercus, one each to Fagus and Castanopsis, and three to Castanea. The only genus indigenous to Iowa is Quercus, the oak, and the number of species recognized is 15

The Orchidaceae of Iowa

The Orchidaceae comprises 5,000 species distributed among 410 genera. The species are mostly tropical but are found in temperate climates, one as far north as the 68th degree of latitude. The orchids are of especial interest to lovers of flowers because of their great beauty, peculiar forms, sweet fragrance and strange habits, and are great favorites with floriculturists in the old world as well as in the new

The Genus Viburnum in Iowa

Our Viburnums are few in number of species and rapidly becoming scarce in the number of individuals. They are to be found in the wooded portions, mostly eastern, of the state. The fruits of some are edible but have not been considered promising enough to warrant cultivation

Flora of Southern Iowa

The following notes are based upon collections in our private herbarium. In point of time the period reaches from 1882 to 1897. The counties represented being Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van Buren, Shelby, and Johnson, extended by occasional collections from neighboring counties

The Flora of Southern Iowa

On June 20, 1898, the first writer of this article started over land from Lamoni to Council Bluffs, in company with Prof. J. T. Pence. The route taken passed through the west side of Decatur County to Hopeville, in the southwest part of Clarke County, thence bearing west to Afton in Union County, on to Creston in the same county. As near as practicable the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railway was followed through Adams County, bearing southward with the railway to Villisca and northward to Red Oak in Montgomery County. From Red Oak a nearly northerly direction was taken until into Pottawattamie County, then westward to Wheeler and north westward to Carson, where the overland trip, as far as this article is concerned, ended. Carson was reached June 24th. The five days of the journey were filled with frequent stops in order to collect by the wayside and from adjoining groves and fields. A week was spent at Carson collecting in the immediate vicinity and in Wheeler\u27s grove

The effect of weld residual stresses and their re-distribution with crack growth during fatigue under constant amplitude loading

In this work the evolution of the residual stresses in a MIG-welded 2024-T3 aluminium alloy M(T) specimen during in situ fatigue crack growth at constant load amplitude has been measured with neutron diffraction. The plastic relaxation and plasticity-induced residual stresses associated with the fatigue loading were found to be small compared with the stresses arising due to elastic re-distribution of the initial residual stress field. The elastic re-distribution was modelled with a finite element simulation and a good correlation between the experimentally-determined and the modelled stresses was found. A significant mean stress effect on the fatigue crack growth rate was seen and this was also accurately predicted using the measured initial residual stresses