2021 roadmap on lithium sulfur batteries

Batteries that extend performance beyond the intrinsic limits of Li-ion batteries are among the most important developments required to continue the revolution promised by electrochemical devices. Of these next-generation batteries, lithium sulfur (Li–S) chemistry is among the most commercially mature, with cells offering a substantial increase in gravimetric energy density, reduced costs and improved safety prospects. However, there remain outstanding issues to advance the commercial prospects of the technology and benefit from the economies of scale felt by Li-ion cells, including improving both the rate performance and longevity of cells. To address these challenges, the Faraday Institution, the UK's independent institute for electrochemical energy storage science and technology, launched the Lithium Sulfur Technology Accelerator (LiSTAR) programme in October 2019. This Roadmap, authored by researchers and partners of the LiSTAR programme, is intended to highlight the outstanding issues that must be addressed and provide an insight into the pathways towards solving them adopted by the LiSTAR consortium. In compiling this Roadmap we hope to aid the development of the wider Li–S research community, providing a guide for academia, industry, government and funding agencies in this important and rapidly developing research space

Solvothermal synthesis of Sn(3)N(4)as a high capacity sodium-ion anode: theoretical and experimental study of its storage mechanism

This is the final version. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.A new simple and scalable method to synthesise spinel-structured Sn3N4 has been developed using SnCl4 and LiNH2 precursors under solvothermal conditions. Nanocrystalline Sn3N4 with a crystallite size < 10 nm was produced and tested as anode material in sodium half cells, demonstrating a very high reversible (desodiation) capacity of 850 mA h g1 measured over 50 cycles, the highest reported reversible capacity for a sodium anode apart from sodium itself. Ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction show that the electrochemical reactions are reversible and that Sn3N4 is recovered upon re-oxidation. X-ray diffraction shows that the peaks associated with Sn3N4 reflections become narrower during discharge (reduction), evidencing that the smaller Sn3N4 particles are primarily involved in the electrochemical reactions, and broadening of the peaks is reversibly recovered upon oxidation. The analysis of the near edge X-ray absorption data (XANES) shows that the Sn oxidation state decreases during reduction and nearly recovers the initial value during oxidation. DFT calculations suggest that the insertion of Na into the Sn3N4 surface followed by substitution of tetrahedral Sn by Na is energetically favourable, and evidence of the removal of tetrahedral Sn from the spinel Sn3N4 structure is obtained from the analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) measurements of reduced electrodes, which also show the recovery of the pristine structure at the end of oxidation. DFT also shows that Sn substitution by Na is only favourable at the Sn3N4 surface (not for bulk Sn3N4), in agreement with the electrochemical characterisation that shows that controlling the nanoparticle size is crucial to achieve full utilisation of Sn3N4 (and thus high capacity).Deregallera Lt

2021 roadmap on lithium sulfur batteries

Batteries that extend performance beyond the intrinsic limits of Li-ion batteries are among the most important developments required to continue the revolution promised by electrochemical devices. Of these next-generation batteries, lithium sulfur (Li–S) chemistry is among the most commercially mature, with cells offering a substantial increase in gravimetric energy density, reduced costs and improved safety prospects. However, there remain outstanding issues to advance the commercial prospects of the technology and benefit from the economies of scale felt by Li-ion cells, including improving both the rate performance and longevity of cells. To address these challenges, the Faraday Institution, the UK's independent institute for electrochemical energy storage science and technology, launched the Lithium Sulfur Technology Accelerator (LiSTAR) programme in October 2019. This Roadmap, authored by researchers and partners of the LiSTAR programme, is intended to highlight the outstanding issues that must be addressed and provide an insight into the pathways towards solving them adopted by the LiSTAR consortium. In compiling this Roadmap we hope to aid the development of the wider Li–S research community, providing a guide for academia, industry, government and funding agencies in this important and rapidly developing research space

2021 roadmap on lithium sulfur batteries

Abstract Batteries that extend performance beyond the intrinsic limits of Li-ion batteries are among the most important developments required to continue the revolution promised by electrochemical devices. Of these next-generation batteries, lithium sulfur (Li–S) chemistry is among the most commercially mature, with cells offering a substantial increase in gravimetric energy density, reduced costs and improved safety prospects. However, there remain outstanding issues to advance the commercial prospects of the technology and benefit from the economies of scale felt by Li-ion cells, including improving both the rate performance and longevity of cells. To address these challenges, the Faraday Institution, the UK’s independent institute for electrochemical energy storage science and technology, launched the Lithium Sulfur Technology Accelerator (LiSTAR) programme in October 2019. This Roadmap, authored by researchers and partners of the LiSTAR programme, is intended to highlight the outstanding issues that must be addressed and provide an insight into the pathways towards solving them adopted by the LiSTAR consortium. In compiling this Roadmap we hope to aid the development of the wider Li–S research community, providing a guide for academia, industry, government and funding agencies in this important and rapidly developing research space.</jats:p