Myspace, Yourspace, But Not Theirspace: The Constitutionality of Banning Sex Offenders From Social Networking Sites

In recent years there has been intense public pressure to enact increasingly restrictive and intrusive sex offender laws. The regulation of sex offenders has now moved online, where a growing amount of protected expression and activity occurs. The latest trend in sex offender policy has been the passage of state laws prohibiting sex offenders from visiting social networking sites, such as Myspace or Facebook. The use of these websites implicates the First Amendment right of expressive association. Broad social-networking-site bans threaten the First Amendment expressive association rights of sex offenders, who do not lose all of their constitutional rights by virtue of their conviction. Although social-networking-site bans are politically attractive on the surface, such prohibitions are fundamentally flawed because they are predicated on a number of widespread misconceptions about sex offenses and sex offender behavior. These misconceptions include the beliefs that all registered sex offenders are violent sexual predators who have extremely high recidivism rates and that Internet predators are increasing the incidence of sex crimes against minors. In fact, there is very little evidence to indicate that this type of legislation will help reduce sexual violence. This Note argues for empirically based and narrowly tailored sex offender policies that will strike the appropriate balance between protecting minors from sexual abuse and respecting sex offenders\u27 constitutional rights. Such an approach is more likely to help rehabilitate offenders and thus protect children and others from sexual predators

Advances in Inorganic Ion Exchangers and Their Applications: A Review Article

This material is a brief review of ion exchange materials with emphasis of inorganic ion exchangers aimed at giving a short and precise discussion of the role of separation, the preference of inorganic ion exchangers than that of organic once and advances of inorganic ion exchangers. Thus, it begins with brief introduction of ion-exchange materials and their types as well as their many derivatives and describes inorganic ion exchangers to nanocomposite cation exchange materials and their technological improvement from old era to latest age of nano. In addition, this review tries to address so many applications of ion-exchange materials such as, antimicrobial activity, catalysis, hydrometallurgy, bimolecular separations, chromatography and environmental science engineering etc., which are directly related with green chemistry and making processes easier for humans well being. Keywords: Inorganic ion exchangers, cation exchange materials, nanocomposite cation exchangers

Assessing Tennessee Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Food Protection

Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Chemistry of Caffeine in Coffee and Its Determination Using UV/Vis Spectrophotometer: A Review Article

This review is all about the chemistry of caffeine and some methods applied to determine the concentration of caffeine in coffee. Coffee is the major sources of caffeine. In pure form, caffeine is a crystalline white powder moderately soluble in water and in a wide range of organic solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, benzene etc. When it is removed from the source plants and reduced to its most natural state, it forms a white powder. Consequently, the ingestion of caffeine, an important ingredient of coffee as well as tea, has become a daily habit for many persons. Among different methods used to determine the concentration of caffeine in coffee, spectrophotometric method is an effective method used for the determination of caffeine in Coffee raw. The method was found to be fast, simple, cost effective and environmental friendly for the determination of caffeine in aqueous solution of coffee with satisfactory results. Keywords: Coffee, caffeine, UV-Viscible spectrophotomete

Prevalance of Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Robe Hospital, Robe, Bale Zone, Ethiopia: A Research Article

Diabetes mellitus is becoming one of the major health problems in the developing countries. As the International Diabetes Federation suggests that the number of adults living with diabetes worldwide was increasing from time to time. The aim of the study was to know the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients attended Robe hospital; a three year’s retrospective record review (2015- September 2017) of medical OPD logbook was conducted. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 19. Out of 22277 patients were attended in robe hospital, out of these 1227 patients have symptoms and complications related to diabetes mellitus, of these 320 patients were found positive Diabetes Mellitus.  Among the total 320 diabetes mellitus patients, 190 (59.37%) were males and 130 (40.63%) were females. Most of the patients, 283 (88.43%), had type 2 diabetes mellitus while 37 (11.56%) of them suffered from type 1 diabetes. Though the 1.43% prevalence of diabetes mellitus observed in this study is lower than the national estimate, still it indicates a considerable burden in the locality. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes type I, Diabetes type II, Medical OPD, Robe Hospital

Determinants of Farm Households’ Vulnerability to the Impact of Land Degradation in the Central Omo-Gibe Basin, Ethiopia

Vulnerability to the impacts of land degradation has been frequently reported in Ethiopia. However, the level of vulnerability and its determinants vary in spatial and temporal. The objective of this study was to estimate farm households’ vulnerability to the impact of land degradation and its determinants in the Central Omo-Gibe river sub-basin, southwestern Ethiopia. Primary data were collected from 383 farm households using multistage random sampling techniques. The principal component analysis was employed to give different weights for indicators and estimate the households’ vulnerability index so as to categorize farm households based on their level of vulnerability. The result showed that 44.91%, 39.16% and 15.93% of the sample farm households were found to be less, moderately and highly vulnerable to the impact of land degradation, respectively. The ordered logistic regression result showed that age, sex, marital status, family size, dependency ratio, extension service, social participation, livestock ownership, land tenure security, land size and distance to the nearest main road, perceived reduction cropland productivity and plot-level land degradation affected households’ vulnerability to the impact of land degradation. Therefore, policymakers and local development practitioners should give priority to the highly vulnerable households focusing on the major factors affecting vulnerability strengthen human, financial, natural and physical including infrastructure and institutional capitals to minimize the impact of land degradation in the study area. Keywords: Land degradation, Vulnerability, Ordered logistic regression, Principal Component Analysis, Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-7-01 Publication date:July 31st 202

Examining the Need for Comprehensive Refugee Protection and Asylum Seekers Policy in Ireland today

Asylum seekers and refugees are one of the most demonised and marginalised social groups in Europe. Ireland's current agenda for dealing with refugees and asylum seekers is inadequate. The government of Ireland is aware of the inadequacy of response and has proposed to make a number of changes that will improve the standard of living for those who chose to apply for inclusion in Ireland. However, many of the issues that are discussed in the Core Policy Objective: Intercultural & Migration Issues have already been addressed in the set of directives, regulations, and guidance provided by the EU on the topic of immigration and refugee policy. Ireland has opted out of participating in several of these programs, choosing instead to establish its own policies of caring for the disenfranchised who seek refugee status. While change in legislation in Ireland is taking place, it is evolving slowly, and many of today‟s greatest issues are being addressed very cautiously. As a result, many of the humanitarian provisions adopted by the EU are just now being considered by Ireland. This project examines the need for Comprehensive Refugee Protection and Asylum Seekers Policy in Ireland today

Analysis of Wheat Yield Gap and Variability in Ethiopia

Wheat is among important cereal crops to ensuring food and nutrition security in developing countries like Ethiopia. The demand for wheat is projected as significantly increases mainly due to a rapidly population growth in the countries. Globally, wheat yield must grow at least by 1.6%. Whereas, in Ethiopia, the yield must grow from the current level 4.6 million tons to 10 million tons. This paper hence, presents the analysis of wheat yield and the underlying causes of its variability among farmers across major wheat growing areas of the country. Data was used from the farm-household survey conducted in 2014/15 by EIAR in collaboration with CIMMYT. Supplementary secondary data on wheat area, production and consumption, and available wheat varieties were used from CSA and MoARD. Data were analyzed using various techniques (including descriptive, inferential statistics and regression analysis).  One way ANOVA was used to analyze the yield variability; whereas Weighted Least Square method was applied to identify the underlying causes for the variability of wheat yield among farmers. The result indicates that the average wheat production level per hectare (2.7 tons/ha) has been on the increase with inter annual variability, but the yield level is very low as compared to that of the research station (6-7 tons/ha) and the estimated average potential (5 tons/ha) in highland areas of the country. The yield gap analysis shows that 61%, 55% and 46% of wheat yield gap existed when the national average yield was compared with that of the actual yield at research station, farmers’ plot and potential yield at highland part of the country, respectively. The empirical analysis found there is statistically significant level of yield variability among wheat growers. The findings of the study revealed that use of improved technologies and production inputs, household assets, support services, and agro-ecologies were the primary factors that cause wheat yield variation in Ethiopia. It is recommended that site-specific wheat production management, technology requirement map, proper institutional support services and sustainable natural resource management following inter and intra-farm/plot variability. Keywords: Wheat, yield gap, yield variability, wheat growing areas, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-9-05 Publication date:May 31st 2020

Long and Short Run Relationship Between Agricultural and Industrial Sectors’ Growth in Ethiopia Economy: Application of Co-Integration and Error Correction Model

The objective of this paper was to examine the long run and short run impact of agricultural sector on the industrial sector and to determine the direction of causality in Ethiopia economy using annual time series data ranging from 1991-2015 obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI) database. The time of analysis related was to the adoption of agricultural led industrialization (ADLI) strategy to bring food security, poverty reduction, and rapid economic growth objectives in country. The result of the Johansen Co-integration test showed that data were integrated of ordered one in both trace, and max-trace statistical tests showed that there was strong long run equilibrium relationship between agricultural and industrial sectors outputs. The Johansen error correction model (ECM) indicated that agricultural series output has long run significant and positive impact on industrial sector series output but not vice versa. In the long run, increase in agricultural sector’s by one percent, being other factors held constant, the marginal industrial sector output increase by 3.39% due to multiplier effect. Granger pair wise causality test revealed that there is unidirectional causality from industry to agriculture sector. In the long run, growth comes from agriculture to industry and in the short run; agricultural growth is caused by industrial growth. Therefore, the adoption of ADLI strategy should be strengthened the sectors forward and backward linkages to bring balance, and rapid sectorial growth to support the entire economic growth in the country. Keywords: Ethiopia, Industry, Integration, Co-Integration, VECM, ADLI. DOI: 10.7176/JPID/59-02 Publication date: February 28th 202

Gender Mainstreaming in Ethiopian Agricultural Research System: Approaches, Progresses and Prospects

This paper presents efforts, approaches and progresses of gender mainstreaming in Ethiopian Agricultural Research System from 2005 to 2015. The study used information sources, such as institutional assessment, annual performance and research progress reports, and field-level case studies. Efforts of gender mainstreaming in Ethiopian agricultural research system have been underway since mid-1990s to encourage gender-disaggregated data collection and analysis. However, formal gender mainstreaming efforts were commenced in 1999 while institutionalizing gender issues in the research system. Since 1999, various gender mainstreaming approaches, such as, establishment of a gender mainstreaming unit at the headquarters and gender focal units at research centers, sorting out of gender mainstreaming priorities, organizational assessment, development and implementation of a national gender mainstreaming strategy and action plan, implementation of capacity building for gender analysis, establishment of international research links, and enforcement of women affirmative actions at workplace, had been applied. Due to the efforts made and approaches used so far, researchers’ awareness and understanding towards the relevance of gender issue in the research system had improved. Hence, the developments of technologies that address different gender categories had been increasingly availability to the rural women. The generation of these technologies consecutively contributed for the improvement of the benefit of women from research outputs from 5% in 2005 to 31% in 2015. Despite the progresses, the integration of gender in the research stages is limited in addressing differentiated needs of gender categories due to inadequate availability of gender disaggregated data by the research commodity. Hence, as part of the gender mainstreaming efforts, gender disaggregated information should be generated and take while research planning and implementation is undertaken. Keywords: Gender mainstreaming approaches, agricultural researc