Socialization Program for Prevention and Early Detection of Congenital Hearing Loss in the Families of Deaf School children

Objective: socializing hearing loss examination and early detection to patients and their families in deaf type B schools. Methods: A community service program in the form of socialization was performed to the family of patients with hearing loss in deaf school type B, Surabaya, Indonesia. Pretest and posttest were conducted to determine the initial understanding and post socialization knowledge of these people. We also asked the participants to fill on a questionnaire regarding the possible causes of the hearing loss (family history, drug use, history of disease, and history of head trauma). Results: Based on the summary of pretest and posttest from the participants, an increase in participants’ knowledge of hearing lost was found. This activity was attended by 90 family members of 37 patients with hearing loss. Pre and post test results. The results of the questionnaire showed that 94.59% of the patients came from Javanese ethnicity. As many as 21.62% of patients had a family history of hearing loss, and even 2 patients had a father, mother, and sibling with hearing loss. A total of 18.92% had a history of using ototoxic drugs, 16.22% had a history of maternal Rubella infection during pregnancy, and 2.7% had a history of head trauma. Conclusion: Socialization program was effective to increase knowledge of congenital hearing loss for family of deaf schoolchildren. The result of the questionnaire showed that deaf schoolchildren had several risk factors for the occurrence of hearing loss. Similar program can be performed in communities in other areas to increase prevention and early detection of hearing loss in Indonesia

Meta-analysis: Association between hepatitis B virus preS mutation and hepatocellular carcinoma risk

Previous observational studies suggested that hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS mutation plays an important role in the existence of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the results are still debatable. With an increasing number of studies about this topic, this study employed a meta-analysis to identify the association between HBV preS mutation and HCC risk. We searched for eligible studies from PubMed, ProQuest, CINAHL, ScienceDirect and Springer databases to assess the association between HBV mutation and HCC risk. This meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 to provide pooled estimate for odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Twenty-one clinical studies were included in this metaanalysis study which consisted of 1738 participants with HBV-related HCC and 3740 HBsAg-positive patients without HCC. All studies used samples of Asian population. PreS deletion was the most common mutation found in all studies. We found that ORs of HBV overall preS deletion was associated with HCC (OR = 3. 28; 95% CI = 2. 324.65; P < .00001; r andom-effects model). Each preS1 and preS2 del etion was associated with increased risk of HCC, with OR 2.42 (95% CI = 1.25-4.68, P = .008) and 3.36 (95% CI = 2. 04-5. 55, P < .00001), respectively. PreS2 start codon mutation was also significantly associated with HCC risk (OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.15-5. 27; P = .02; random-effect model). The result of this meta-analysis suggested that HBV preS deletion (all, preS1 and preS2) and preS2 start codon mutation might contribute to the increased risk of HBV-related HCC