Eulerian ISPH Method for Simulating Internal Flows

In this article the possibility to use Eulerian approach in the conventional ISPH method in simulation of internal fluid flows is studied. The use of Eulerian approach makes it possible to use non-uniform particle distributions to increase the resolution in the sensitive parts of the domain, different boundary conditions can be employed more freely and particle penetration in the solid walls and tensile instability no longer require elaborate procedures. The governing equations are solved in an Eulerian framework containing both the temporal and local derivatives which make the momentum equations non-linear. Some special treatment and smaller time steps are required to remedy this non-linearity of the problem. In this study, projection method is used to enforce incompressibility with the evaluation of an intermediate velocity and then this velocity is projected on the divergence-free space. This method is applied to the internal fluid flows in a shear-driven cavity, Couette flow, a flow inside a duct with variable area and flow around a circular cylinder within a constant area duct. The results are compared with the results of Lagrangian ISPH and WCSPH methods as well as finite volume and Lattice Boltzmann grid based schemes. The results of the studied scheme have the same accuracy for velocity field and have better accuracy in pressure distribution than ISPH and WCSPH methods. Non-uniform particle distributions are also studied to check the applicability of this method and Good agreement is also observed between uniform and non-uniform particle distributions

A Comparative Study on the Performance of Bio-inspired Slippery Lubricant Impregnated and Superhydrophobic surfaces in Droplet Impact and Shedding

The development of robust surfaces that repel liquid droplets has a broad impact on enhancing surfaces in several applications of anti-icing/fogging, anti-biofouling, and anti-dewing. Despite high repellency features in superhydrophobic surfaces, these surfaces may be ineffective when they are used in harsh environments. Inspiration from the natural non-wetting behavior of slippery surfaces of the pitcher plant has led to the development of slippery lubricant impregnated surfaces (SLIPS/LIS). They are designed by creating micro/nano-structured surfaces that are infused with a low surface tension lubricant which can enhance droplet mobility for a wide range of liquids with low surface tension properties. Designing slippery lubricant impregnated surfaces is still ongoing research as it involves several parameters. The physics of the impact and shedding of the liquid droplet on slippery surfaces remains elusive. In this regard, both experimental and numerical tools have been used in this work to explore the associated physics in slippery surfaces and their advantages and disadvantages compared to superhydrophobic surfaces. The first goal was to evaluate the effect of an immiscible lubricant with different thicknesses on the impact of a millimeter-sized water droplet for different impact velocities. A three-phase flow numerical simulation based on a finite volume solution coupled with a volume of fluid method has been implemented. The numerical model showed that the droplet spontaneous bouncing occurred due to the air entrapment because of the deformation in both droplet and liquid film surface in which the details of the gas layer thickness and dynamics of fluid motions were illustrated. It is observed that liquid film surfaces can enhance the probability of droplet spontaneous bouncing. The performance of superhydrophobic surfaces might fail their functions for micro-scale droplets as both the micro-structured surfaces and droplets are on the same scale. Thus, the anti-wetting performance of slippery lubricant impregnated surfaces compared to superhydrophobic surfaces for different surface morphologies have been numerically investigated during droplet impingement. The effect of the surface structure has been studied by considering different series of square-pillar arrays. A three-phase flow solver in conjunction with an accurate contact angle method has been implemented. It was observed that slippery surfaces with low--density micro-textured surfaces enhanced droplet mobility and repellency compared to superhydrophobic surfaces. Additionally, the quantitative results indicated that the droplet pinning decreased significantly compared to superhydrophobic surfaces. In order to assess the mobility of droplets under the effect of air shear flow on slippery surfaces and superhydrophobic surfaces, an experimental study in conjunction with a numerical model has been conducted. It is observed that the hydrodynamics of droplet motion is completely different on superhydrophobic compared to slippery surfaces. The wetting length and position of a droplet on all surfaces have been measured. Although similar trends are observed in quantitative measurements for slippery surfaces, the speed of droplets is greatly affected by the lubricant properties. A numerical simulation based on the VOF method coupled with the Large Eddy Simulation turbulent model in conjunction with the dynamic contact angle method has been used. A developed boundary condition is also implemented to consider the effect of lubricant on slippery surfaces. The numerical simulations are compared with the experimental study to provide further information on the experimental results