Deep zonal currents in the central equatorial Pacific

A complex system of deep zonal currents in the central equatorial Pacific persisted during 16 months of current measurements spanning the 1982–1983 EI Niño episode. At least three extra equatorialcurrents appear to be permanent: the north and south intermediate countercurrents, with eastward velocity cores at 600 m depth, located 1.5–2.0° from the equator; and the south equatorial intermediate current, with a westward core at 900 m depth three or more degrees south of the equator. On the equator, the deep jets were nearly stationary during the period of these measurements. Comparison with earlier measurements shows that over longer periods the jets neither propagate uniformly nor stay in place

RRS Discovery Cruise DY113, 3 February – 13 March 2020. Repeat hydrographic measurements on GO-SHIP lines SR1b and A23

Cruise DY113 comprised occupations of two repeat hydrographic sections, SR1b across Drake Passage from Burdwood Bank to Elephant Island, and A23 from the northern Weddell Sea across the Scotia Sea to South Georgia. Ocean physical measurements are made on these two sections annually funded by NERC as National Capability, currently through the ORCHESTRA (Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports) programme, in order to monitor and understand variability of Antarctic Circumpolar Current transports and Antarctic Bottom Water properties and volumes. In addition to the 62 CTD/LADCP casts on SR1b and A23, a CTD survey was made over 17 sites in Cumberland Bay, South Georgia, and a section along the North Scotia Ridge also occupied on cruise JR299 was revisited, bringing the total to 104 CTD/LADCP casts including one test cast and one other repeat. Water column samples were collected for calibration of CTD salinity and dissolved oxygen (most stations) as well as for measurements of oxygen isotopes (SR1b, A23, Cumberland Bay), nutrient (N and Si) isotopes (SR1b), nutrient (NO2+NO3, NO3, Si, P; SR1b, A23) concentrations, microplastics (SR1b, A23, Cumberland Bay), and environmental DNA (SR1b). Standard underway measurements including underway surface ocean and meteorological data and upper ocean vessel-mounted current measurements were collected throughout, while multibeam swath bathymetry data was recorded on the transit between SR1b and A23 (south of the South Orkney Islands), in Cumberland Bay, and on previously-unsurveyed parts of the North Scotia Ridge transect and between there and the Falkland Islands. Four standard Argo autonomous profiling floats were also deployed, two on SR1b and two on A23

Seasonal oscillations in a mid-latitude ocean with barriers to deep flow

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution August, 1978A two-layer linear analytic model is used to study the response of the mid-latitude ocean to the seasonal variation of the windstress. The most important component of the response is a barotropic quasi-steady Sverdrup balance. A meridional ridge such as the Antilles Arc is modeled as an infinitely thin meridional barrier that blocks the lower layer but does not protrude into the upper layer. It is found that such a barrier has little effect on the upper layer flow across the barrier. This result is obtained provided the frequency of the motion is low enough so that free short Rossby waves are essentially nondivergent. In this case there is little coupling between the layers for energy propagating to the east away from the barrier. A study of the dynamics of flow over a sloping bottom is made and the results are used to determine the effect on seasonal oscillations of eastern boundary slopes and triangular ridges. It is found that the presence of a slope at the eastern boundary has little effect. A meridional ridge that does not reach the interface may cause substantial scattering of free Rossby waves, but unless the ridge is steep its effect on the quasi-steady Sverdrup balance is minimal. However, if the ridge height is a substantial fraction of the lower layer depth and the width is comparable to the scale of free short Rossby waves, the ridge will tend to block flow in the lower layer, acting like the infinitely thin barrier. The theory suggests that the Antilles Arc should have the effect of a thin barrier, while the Mid-Atlantic Ridge should have little effect on the response of the ocean to seasonal wind variations.For three and a half years of generous financial support I am grateful to the John and Fannie Hertz Foundation, from which I received a Graduate Fellowship. Research money and other support were provided by the National Science Foundation under contract OCE 77 15600

RRS James Clark Ross Cruise JR16002, 10 Nov - 03 Dec 2016. Hydrographic measurements on GO-SHIP line SR1b.

RRS James Clark Ross cruise JR16002 included work contributing to two National Capability projects. Bottom pressure recorder (BPR) landers previously deployed on the northern and southern continental slopes of Drake Passage to monitor ACC transport as part of Antarctic Circumpolar Current Levels from Altimetry and Island Measurement (ACCLAIM) were recovered, wrapping up a 28-year time series. The twenty-second complete occupation of the Drake Passage GO-SHIP section SR1b obtained full-depth temperature, salinity, and lowered ADCP velocity profiles at 30 stations, along with water column samples for oxygen isotope analysis and with underway measurements, with the objectives of investigating and monitoring interannual variability and trends in Antarctic Circumpolar Current structure and property transports and Southern Ocean water mass properties as part of Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA). Deployment of three Deep Apex autonomous profiling floats was also intended to contribute to ORCHESTRA as well as the global Deep Argo programme

RRS James Clark Ross Cruise JR15003, 17 Dec 2015 - 13 Jan 2016. Hydrographic measurements on GO-SHIP line SR1b and investigations of circulation and isotope cycles in coastal West Antarctica.

This cruise comprised work contributing to five projects. The twenty-first complete occupationof the Drake Passage GO-SHIP section SR1b obtained full-depth temperature, salinity, and lowered ADCP velocity profiles at 28 stations, along with underway measurements, with the objectives of investigating and monitoring interannual variability and trends in Antarctic Circumpolar Current structure and property transports and Southern Ocean water mass properties. Turnarounds of bottom pressure recorder (BPR) moorings contributed to the long time series of bottom pressure in Drake Passage. Biogeochemically-equipped Argo floats were deployed as part of the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modelling (SOCCOM) project to increase climate-quality observations in the Southern Ocean. Gliders were deployed over the Western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf to measure properties and circulation with the aim of understanding flow and mixing of warm waters onto the shelf. Hydrographic profiles and water column and sediment samples taken over the continental shelf will be used to investigate stable isotope nutrient cycling processes

Chapter 5 Human Interaction

"During military exercises, crisis situations give the participants mood experiences. By exploring the concept of “mood”, our aim is to contribute to the development of new interaction theory. We will explore three perspectives related to mood and the possibility of changing mood: (1) A Mood-Based Perspective: Heidegger ascribes moods a fundamental role in human life. Before a human being can think or feel something, he or she is already attuned, already in a mood that structures how reality appears to them; (2) A Rhetorical Perspective: Even though Heidegger understands moods as a non-thematized horizon, our moods can nevertheless be changed. Here we elaborate on Aristotle’s ideas on rhetoric as the first systematic hermeneutics of the interacting, everyday human being; and (3) A Pedagogical Perspective: Pedagogy here refers to learning about the development of humans in society. An existential part of human existence is to sense moods and be attuned to “the other”. Then we have the possibility of changing the mood and establishing harmony. Finally, a conceptual model is presented to show the theoretical and practical implications beyond the military exercise that has been the point of departure for this text.

RRS James Clark Ross Cruise JR15003, 17 Dec 2015 - 13 Jan 2016. Hydrographic measurements on GO-SHIP line SR1b and investigations of circulation and isotope cycles in coastal West Antarctica.

This cruise comprised work contributing to five projects. The twenty-first complete occupation of the Drake Passage GO-SHIP section SR1b obtained full-depth temperature, salinity, and lowered ADCP velocity profiles at 28 stations, along with underway measurements, with the objectives of investigating and monitoring interannual variability and trends in Antarctic Circumpolar Current structure and property transports and Southern Ocean water mass properties. Turnarounds of bottom pressure recorder (BPR) moorings contributed to the long time series of bottom pressure in Drake Passage. Biogeochemically-equipped Argo floats were deployed as part of the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modelling (SOCCOM) project to increase climate-quality observations in the Southern Ocean. Gliders were deployed over the Western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf to measure properties and circulation with the aim of understanding flow and mixing of warm waters onto the shelf. Hydrographic profiles and water column and sediment samples taken over the continental shelf will be used to investigate stable isotope nutrient cycling processes

Is there an ESG anomaly? Using textual analysis to detect market mispricing

This thesis investigates the relationship between stock returns and ESG scores on primary listed firms on the three major Scandinavian stock exchanges between 2017 and 2021. In conducting the analysis, we have collected ESG scores from Refinitiv and designed two scores based on textual analysis of the companies’ annual reports from 2015 to 2019. A two-year lag is applied between the ESG scores and the financial data to ensure that ESG information is known before the returns are produced, and the connection can be explained. We analyze the difference in stock returns on firms with high and low ESG score by constructing long-short portfolios. Then, we apply the Fama-French three-factor and five-factor models to control for different risk exposures. The ESG-based portfolio shows no abnormal return using either ESG scores, which suggests that the ESG risk is priced in the market.nhhma