Correlation between genetic distances and environmental parameters between landrace localities.

<p>Environmental parameter distances are the logarithm of the absolute value of differences between parameters for each accession's location. <i>r</i>: Altitude; <i>s</i>: mean annual temperature; <i>t</i>: maximum temperature of the warmest month; <i>u</i>: minimum temperature of the coldest month; <i>v</i>: mean annual precipitation; <i>w</i>: precipitation of driest month; <i>x</i>: precipitation of wettest month.</p>*<p>Significant (0.001**</p><p>Non-signficant (p>0.05); all other values indicated were significant (p<0.001).</p

Principle component plots of individual accessions characterised by 29 nuSSRs.

<p>In the upper panel, samples were coloured according to form (black: wild emmer; dark green: bread wheat; light green: emmer; dark red: rivet; red: durum). In the lower panel, samples were coloured according to membership to one of the six groups defined by STRUCTURE under the <i>K</i> = 6 model.</p

Chloroplast haplotype (CpHt) frequencies in wild emmer, emmer, rivet and durum.

<p>Chloroplast haplotype (CpHt) frequencies in wild emmer, emmer, rivet and durum.</p

Geographical distribution of the four main chloroplast haplotypes in domesticated tetraploid wheats.

<p>cp-haplotype 1 (yellow dots), 2 (blue), 13 (red) and 14 (green).</p

Correlations between geographic, environmental and genetic distances for 53 Iberian durum wheat accessions.

<p><i>D_C</i>_: genetic distance; <i>LogD_GEO</i>_: logarithm of geographic distance; <i>LogD_ENV</i>_: logarithm of environmental distance.</p>*<p>Significant (<i>p</i><0.001).</p>**<p>Non-significant (<i>p</i>>0.05).</p

Gene pool frequency clines based on proportional membership of accessions to the six STRUCTURE clusters.

<p>Gene pool frequency clines based on proportional membership of accessions to the six STRUCTURE clusters.</p

Measures of within-landrace genetic diversity in seven tetraploid wheat accessions.

<p>No. Genotypes: number of different genotypes detected in the sample; Freq. Genotypes: number of individual plants with a particular genotype within the sample; Hz: Heterozygosity; GD: Gene Diversity; PIC: polymorphism information content; M/P markers: number of polymorphic/monomorphic markers; Rare Alleles: number of rare alleles (an allele other than the most frequent one for each loci analysed) detected in the landrace (the total number of alleles detected for each landrace accession is under brackets); Hg (%): heterogeneity within varieties calculated as the number of alleles, other than the most frequent one, detected for a particular marker/landrace combination, considering the totality of alleles genotyped. e.g. for Recio, given 20 individuals analysed at 15 SSR loci, there is 1 instances of a rare allele being detected, so heterogeneity is 0.34%.</p

Neighbour-joining tree between <i>a priori</i> defined tetraploid wheat populations.

<p>The tree was constructed from <i>D_C</i> genetic distances using wild emmer to root the tree and 100 bootstrap replicates.</p

Clustering of 244 wheat accessions based on multilocus genotype analysis using STRUCTURE.

<p>Each accession is depicted by a vertical line segmented into <i>K</i> coloured sections. The length of each section is proportional to the estimated membership coefficient (<i>Q</i>) of the individual accession to each one of the <i>K</i> clusters. The black vertical lines are separators between the different forms of wheat (BW: bread wheat; WEm: wild emmer; Em: emmer; Rivet and Durum). The upper panel depicts a model with two clusters (<i>K</i> = 2) and the lower panel a model with six clusters (<i>K</i> = 6). The black labels in the latter indicate the groups identified.</p

Genetic distances between <i>a priori</i> defined populations of tetraploid wheats.

<p>Bread wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) is included for comparison. Distances are based on 29 nuSSRs. dCM: durum Central Mediterranean; dNEA: durum Northeast Africa; dNWA: durum Northwest Africa; dSEE: durum Southeast Europe; dSWA: durum Southwest Asia; dSWE: durum Southwest Europe.</p