VISUAL PERCEPTION IN CHILDREN WITH A HYPERACTIVE BEHAVIOR SYNDROME

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Friendship Patterns as a Function of Self Concept and Dependency

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In recent years the role played by the individual\u27s conception of himself, the self concept, has received increased emphasis in its relation to the development and breakdown of personality. This self concept is evolved through interpersonal relations with significant adults and peers. In turn, it would also seem probable that an individual would seek persons to maintain and enhance this self concept. If such is the case it would follow that one\u27s friendship patterns as well as one\u27s self concept would figure predominantly in producing mental health or mental disorder. In studying friendship selections as a defense of the self concept, Colvin (7) investigated the variables of self concept and impulse control in friendship selections. Basing his study on the psychodynamic theory of projection, he predicted that individuals would defensively select friends of similar or dissimilar level of impulse control on the basis of whether or not they defensively accept themselves. His findings supported this hypothesis that friendship selections have significant defensive characteristics. A third factor, dependency, which plays a role in friendship selections is a dimension of fundamental significance in personality development. Therefore it could be predicted that it would be a principle determinant of the self concept and as such would also play a major role in producing mental health or mental disorder. Murray (17) in the investigation of personality among his significant variables or i R needs describes that of succorance in much the same manner as dependency is considered in this study. He includes in his description to have one’s needs gratified...to be nursed, supported, sustained, surrounded, protected, loved, advised, guided, indulged, forgiven, consoled . Barker and Wright (1) later adapted Murray’s need descriptions to momentary actions as against enduring needs or wants. These, termed action modes, included that of appeal, the essence of which they considered a direct bid for need satisfaction, the end sought being the gratification of one’s needs by the sympathetic action of another or help given in any way by another. Saul (21) likewise recognized the basic significance of dependency, placing it first among the factors preventing an individual from developing to full emotional maturity. He describes the conflict between the regressive dependent forces and the progressive productive forces in personality development. Much of the struggle of adolescence he sees in this light. The adult’s normal development to full emotional independence or maturity can be, therefore, halted as he continues to long for and seek dependence either because as a child he missed it too much or had too much of it. It is in the light of Saul’s concept that the present investigation is undertaken to explore this dimension of dependency in its relation to self concept development and the formation of friendship patterns

Point of View: The future of graduate and postdoctoral training in the biosciences

This article summarizes the outcomes of the second national conference on the Future of Bioscience Graduate and Postdoctoral Training. Five topics were addressed during the conference: diversity in leadership positions; mentoring; modernizing the curriculum; experiential learning; and the need for better data on trainees. The goal of the conference was to develop a consensus around these five topics and to recommend policies that can be implemented by academic and research institutions and federal funding agencies in the United States

The future of graduate and postdoctoral training in the biosciences

This article summarizes the outcomes of the second national conference on the Future of Bioscience Graduate and Postdoctoral Training. Five topics were addressed during the conference: diversity in leadership positions; mentoring; modernizing the curriculum; experiential learning; and the need for better data on trainees. The goal of the conference was to develop a consensus around these five topics and to recommend policies that can be implemented by academic and research institutions and federal funding agencies in the United States

Building Capacity for a Global Genome Editing Observatory: Conceptual Challenges

A new infrastructure is urgently needed at the global level to facilitate exchange on key issues concerning genome editing. We advocate the establishment of a global observatory to serve as a center for international, interdisciplinary, and cosmopolitan reflection. This article is the first of a two-part series

Building Capacity for a Global Genome Editing Observatory: Institutional Design

A new infrastructure is urgently needed at the global level to facilitate exchange on key issues concerning genome editing. We advocate the establishment of a global observatory to serve as a center for international, interdisciplinary, and cosmopolitan reflection. This article is the second of a two-part series

Is Intimate Partner and Client Violence Associated with Condomless Anal Intercourse and HIV Among Male Sex Workers in Lima, Peru?

Violence experience can increase HIV risk behaviors; however, literature is scarce on violence among male sex workers (MSWs) globally. In 2014, 210 Peruvian MSWs (median age 24.9) were interviewed about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence and condom use with non-paying intimate partners and clients and were tested for HIV. Multivariable models examined relationships between violence in the past 6 months, condomless anal intercourse (CLAI) in the past 3 months and HIV infection. HIV infection (24 %), CLAI (43 %), being a violence victim (42 %) and perpetrator (39 %) were common. In separate multivariable models, being a violence victim [adjusted prevalence ratio aPR = 1.49 (95 % CI 1.09-2.03)] and perpetrator [aPR = 1.39 (1.03-1.87)] were associated with CLAI. Further, being a victim [aPR = 1.65 (1.04-2.62)] was associated with HIV infection. Violence, which was significantly associated with CLAI and HIV infection, is common among Peruvian MSWs, reinforcing the importance of violence awareness and prevention as HIV risk-reduction strategies

Apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: A subgroup analysis of the ARISTOTLE trial

Background: In the ARISTOTLE trial, the rate of stroke or systemic embolism was reduced by apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Patients with AF and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) have a high risk of stroke. We therefore aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin in prespecified subgroups of patients with and without previous stroke or TIA. Methods: Between Dec 19, 2006, and April 2, 2010, patients were enrolled in the ARISTOTLE trial at 1034 clinical sites in 39 countries. 18 201 patients with AF or atrial flutter were randomly assigned to receive apixaban 5 mg twice daily or warfarin (target international normalised ratio 2·0-3·0). The median duration of follow-up was 1·8 years (IQR 1·4-2·3). The primary efficacy outcome was stroke or systemic embolism, analysed by intention to treat. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding in the on-treatment population. All participants, investigators, and sponsors were masked to treatment assignments. In this subgroup analysis, we estimated event rates and used Cox models to compare outcomes in patients with and without previous stroke or TIA. The ARISTOTLE trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NTC00412984. Findings: Of the trial population, 3436 (19%) had a previous stroke or TIA. In the subgroup of patients with previous stroke or TIA, the rate of stroke or systemic embolism was 2·46 per 100 patient-years of follow-up in the apixaban group and 3·24 in the warfarin group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·76, 95% CI 0·56 to 1·03); in the subgroup of patients without previous stroke or TIA, the rate of stroke or systemic embolism was 1·01 per 100 patient-years of follow-up with apixaban and 1·23 with warfarin (HR 0·82, 95% CI 0·65 to 1·03; p for interaction=0·71). The absolute reduction in the rate of stroke and systemic embolism with apixaban versus warfarin was 0·77 per 100 patient-years of follow-up (95% CI -0·08 to 1·63) in patients with and 0·22 (-0·03 to 0·47) in those without previous stroke or TIA. The difference in major bleeding with apixaban compared with warfarin was 1·07 per 100 patient-years (95% CI 0·09-2·04) in patients with and 0·93 (0·54-1·32) in those without previous stroke or TIA. Interpretation: The effects of apixaban versus warfarin were consistent in patients with AF with and without previous stroke or TIA. Owing to the higher risk of these outcomes in patients with previous stroke or TIA, the absolute benefits of apixaban might be greater in this population. Funding: Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd