26 research outputs found
Developmental Fluoxetine Exposure Normalizes the Long-Term Effects of Maternal Stress on Post-Operative Pain in Sprague-Dawley Rat Offspring
Early life events can significantly alter the development of the nociceptive circuit. In fact, clinical work has shown that maternal adversity, in the form of depression, and concomitant selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment influence nociception in infants. The combined effects of maternal adversity and SSRI exposure on offspring nociception may be due to their effects on the developing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system. Therefore, the present study investigated long-term effects of maternal adversity and/or SSRI medication use on nociception of adult Sprague-Dawley rat offspring, taking into account involvement of the HPA system. Dams were subject to stress during gestation and were treated with fluoxetine (2×/5 mg/kg/day) prior to parturition and throughout lactation. Four groups of adult male offspring were used: 1. Control+Vehicle, 2. Control+Fluoxetine, 3. Prenatal Stress+Vehicle, 4. Prenatal Stress+Fluoxetine. Results show that post-operative pain, measured as hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli after hind paw incision, was decreased in adult offspring subject to prenatal stress alone and increased in offspring developmentally exposed to fluoxetine alone. Moreover, post-operative pain was normalized in prenatally stressed offspring exposed to fluoxetine. This was paralleled by a decrease in corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) levels in prenatally stressed offspring and a normalization of serum CBG levels in prenatally stressed offspring developmentally exposed to fluoxetine. Thus, developmental fluoxetine exposure normalizes the long-term effects of maternal adversity on post-operative pain in offspring and these effects may be due, in part, to the involvement of the HPA system
Perinatal fluoxetine increases hippocampal neurogenesis and reverses the lasting effects of pre-gestational stress on serum corticosterone, but not on maternal behavior, in the rat dam
There is increasing evidence that mental health concerns, stress-related mental illnesses, and parental stress prior to conception have long-term effects on offspring outcomes. However, more work is needed to understand how pre-gestational stress might affect neurobehavioral outcomes in the mother. We investigated how chronic stress prior to gestation affects maternal behavior and related physiology, and aimed to determine the role that perinatal SSRIs have in altering these stress effects. To do this, female Sprague-Dawley rats were subject to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) prior to breeding. During the perinatal period they were administered fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day). Four groups of dams were studied: Control + Vehicle, Pre-gestational Stress + Vehicle, Control + Fluoxetine and Pre-gestational Stress + Fluoxetine. Maternal weight, breeding success, and maternal caregiving behaviors were recorded. Measures of serum corticosterone and corticosteroid-binging globulin (CBG) and the number of immature neurons in the dorsal hippocampus were also assessed in the late postpartum. Main findings show pre-gestational stress resulted in poor reproductive success and maintenance of pregnancy. Pre-gestationally stressed dams also showed higher levels of nursing and fewer bouts of licking/grooming offspring in the first week postpartum – behaviors that were not reversed by perinatal fluoxetine treatment. In the dam, perinatal fluoxetine treatment reversed the effect of pre-gestational maternal stress on serum corticosterone levels and increased serum CBG levels as well as neurogenesis in the dorsal hippocampus. Maternal corticosterone levels significantly correlated with blanket and passive nursing. This work provides evidence for a long-term impact of stress prior to gestation in the mother, and shows that perinatal SSRI medications can prevent some of these effects. © 2017 Elsevier B.V
Prediction of selectivity for enantiomeric separations of uncharged compounds by capillary electrophoresis involving dual cyclodextrin systems
The single-isomer polyanionic cyclodextrin (CD) derivative heptakis-6-sulfato-beta-cyclodextrin (HSbetaCD) has been tested as chiral additive for the enantioseparation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen and ketoprofen, in capillary electrophoresis, using a pH 2.5 phosphoric acid-triethanolamine buffer in the reversed polarity mode. In most cases, the enantiomers of these acidic compounds, present in uncharged form at that pH, were only poorly resolved with HSbetaCD alone. However, the use of HSbetaCD in combination with the neutral CD derivative, heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TMbetaCD), which has a particularly high enantioselectivity towards these compounds, has led to complete enantioresolution in reasonably low migration times in most cases. Affinity constants for the enantiomers with the two cyclodextrins were determined, using linear regression in a two-step approach. Affinity constants with the charged HSbetaCD were first calculated in single systems while those with the neutral TMbetaCD were determined in dual systems. Selectivity for the enantiomeric separation of these compounds in dual CD systems could be predicted using recently developed mathematical models
Synergistic effects of ion-pairing in the enantiomeric separation of basic compounds with cyclodextrin derivatives in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis
The enantiomeric separation of various kinds of basic pharmaceuticals has been investigated in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) systems using an ion-pairing reagent in combination with cyclodextrins (CDs). The simultaneous addition to the methanolic background electrolyte (BGE) of (+)-S-camphorsulfonate or alkanesulfonates and an anionic beta-cyclodextrin derivative, heptakis(2,3-dimethyl-6-sulfato)-beta-cyclodextrin (HDMS-beta-CD), led to partial or complete enantioresolution in most cases. In the absence of ion-pairing reagent, the enantiomeric resolution obtained with this CD derivative was most often completely lost or strongly reduced, indicating the important role of ion-pairing in the chiral recognition mechanism in these NACE systems. The influence of the nature and concentration of the counterion and the anionic CD derivative on the enantioseparation of basic compounds was studied. Synergistic effects between these two kinds of charged additives were clearly observed
Enantiomeric separation of aminoglutethimide by capillary electrophoresis using native cyclodextrins in single and dual systems
peer reviewedAminoglutethimide (AGT) is one of the few examples of chiral drugs that can be enantioseparated by capillary electrophoresis using any of the three native cyclodextrins: alpha-, beta-, or gamma-CD. A complete resolution of the enantiomers of this compound in cationic form could be achieved with each of the three CDs, using a pH 3 phosphoric acid-triethanolamine buffer. Affinity constants for AGT enantiomers with the three native CDs were determined, confirming that the highest selectivity was given by gamma-CD while the strongest complexation was obtained with beta-CD. However, an opposite affinity pattern was observed with the latter. Selectivity was lower for AGT enantiomers in dual CD systems, compared to that obtained with a single selector at its optimal concentration, which confirms that dual systems are of more limited interest when the two selectors have a similar effect on the analyte mobility. These results are in good agreement with those predicted using recently developed mathematical models
Enhancement of selectivity and resolution in the enantioseparation of uncharged compounds using mixtures of oppositely charged cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis.
peer reviewedThe enantiomeric separation of some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was investigated in capillary electrophoresis (CE) using dual systems with mixtures of charged cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives. A significant enhancement of selectivity and resolution could be achieved in the enantioseparation of these analytes in their uncharged form by the simultaneous addition of two oppositely charged CD derivatives to the background electrolyte. The combination of the single-isomer cationic CD, permethyl-6-monoamino-6-monodeoxy-beta-CD (PMMAbetaCD) and the single-isomer polyanionic CD, heptakis-6-sulfato-beta-cyclodextrin (HSbetaCD) in a pH 2.5 phosphoric acid-triethanolamine buffer, was designed and employed for the enantioseparation of profens. The improvement in selectivity and resolution can be attributed to the fact that the two CDs, which lead to independent and enantioselective complexation with the analyte enantiomers, have not only opposite effects on the electrophoretic mobility of these compounds but also opposite affinity patterns towards the enantiomers of these compounds. Binding constants for these enantiomers with each CD were determined using linear regression approach, in order to be able to predict the effect of the concentrations of the two CDs on enantiomeric selectivity and resolution in such dual systems
Enhancement of selectivity and resolution in the enantioseparation of uncharged compounds using mixtures of oppositely charged cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis
peer reviewedThe enantiomeric separation of some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was investigated in capillary electrophoresis (CE) using dual systems with mixtures of charged cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives. A significant enhancement of selectivity and resolution could be achieved in the enantioseparation of these analytes in their uncharged form by the simultaneous addition of two oppositely charged CD derivatives to the background electrolyte. The combination of the single-isomer cationic CD, permethyl-6-monoamino-6-monodeoxy-beta-CD (PMMAbetaCD) and the single-isomer polyanionic CD, heptakis-6-sulfato-beta-cyclodextrin (HSbetaCD) in a pH 2.5 phosphoric acid-triethanolamine buffer, was designed and employed for the enantioseparation of profens. The improvement in selectivity and resolution can be attributed to the fact that the two CDs, which lead to independent and enantioselective complexation with the analyte enantiomers, have not only opposite effects on the electrophoretic mobility of these compounds but also opposite affinity patterns towards the enantiomers of these compounds. Binding constants for these enantiomers with each CD were determined using linear regression approach, in order to be able to predict the effect of the concentrations of the two CDs on enantiomeric selectivity and resolution in such dual systems