Determinación de la nacionalidad de la entidad jurídica sobre la base de la teoría del control

The purpose of this article is to analyze the theory of control as a specific method of determining the nationality of a legal entity in international private law. The search for the definition and content of the control theory is usually accompanied by the statement that, unlike all other theories, the application of this theory takes into account not the legal entity itself as a whole, but the nationality of natural persons behind it (founders, participants). On the basis of the present study, it can be concluded that the theory of control is an exceptional and the only method guaranteeing the determination of the real nationality of the legal person with a view to conferring on it certain rights (benefits, privileges). This also coincides with the protection of state sovereignty and national security as confirmed by numerous examples from practice.El propósito de este artículo es analizar la teoría del control como un método específico para determinar la nacionalidad de una entidad jurídica en el derecho privado internacional. La búsqueda de la definición y el contenido de la teoría de control suele ir acompañada de la afirmación de que, a diferencia de todas las demás teorías, la aplicación de esta teoría no tiene en cuenta la entidad jurídica en sí, sino la nacionalidad de las personas físicas que la respaldan (fundadores, participantes). Sobre la base del presente estudio, se puede concluir que la teoría del control es un método excepcional y único que garantiza la determinación de la nacionalidad real de la persona jurídica con el fin de conferirle ciertos derechos (beneficios, privilegios). Esto también coincide con la protección de la soberanía estatal y la seguridad nacional, como lo confirman numerosos ejemplos de la práctica

РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ СТРАТЕГІЇ ХОЛІСТИЧНОГО МАРКЕТИНГУ ОМНІКАНАЛЬНОГО РИТЕЙЛУ НА ПРИКЛАДІ МЕРЕЖІ «ФОКСТРОТ»

The article examines the main definitions and approaches to holistic marketing by foreign and Ukrainian authors. The business begins to understand that it must shift the emphasis from the product itself and its characteristics to its end consumer, building long-term relations with him - this explains the relevance of this study. Four separate elements of holistic marketing, such as relationship marketing, integrated marketing, socially responsible marketing and internal marketing, are described, and their practical application is considered on the example of the omnichannel Ukrainian retailer of household appliances and electronics "Foxtrot". For a precise and deeper understanding of what a holistic marketing strategy is, three typologically similar definitions have been highlighted and delineated: "concept", "approach" and "strategy". The authors proposed their own definitions of holistic marketing in terms of the above-mentioned terms. In addition, the term "strategy" was highlighted for further consideration of the practical application of holistic marketing on the example of the Foxtrot chain of stores. The practical results of the introduction of complex elements into the network\u27s marketing activities and the implementation of a holistic marketing strategy after the rebranding of "Foxtrot" in 2019 have been demonstrated. It was also considered how Ukrainian business actively began to implement holistic marketing in its activities in the conditions of the Covid-19 quarantine and the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the russian federation into Ukraine.У статті розглянуто основні визначення та підходи до холістичного маркетингу зарубіжними й українськими авторами. Бізнес починає розуміти, що він повинен змістити акцент із самого товару та його характеристик на свого кінцевого споживача, будуючи з ним довгострокові відносини – цим пояснюється актуальність цього дослідження. Описано чотири окремі елементи цілісного маркетингу, такі як маркетинг відносин, інтегрований маркетинг, соціально відповідальний маркетинг і внутрішній маркетинг, та розглянуто їхнє практичне застосування на прикладі омніканального українського ритейлера побутової техніки й електроніки «Фокстрот». Для точного та більш глибокого розуміння, що таке стратегія холістичного маркетингу, було виділено й розмежовано три схожі за типологією визначення: «концепція», «підхід» і «стратегія». Авторами було запропоновано власні визначення холістичного маркетингу в розрізі вищезгаданих термінів. Окрім того, було виділено термін «стратегія» для подальшого розгляду практичного застосування цілісного маркетингу на прикладі мережі магазинів «Фокстрот». Продемонстровано практичні результати впровадження комплексних елементів у маркетингову діяльність мережі та реалізації стратегії холістичного маркетингу після ребрендингу «Фокстроту» у 2019 році. Також було розглянуто, як український бізнес активно почав упроваджувати цілісний маркетинг у свою діяльність в умовах карантину Covid-19 і початку повномасштабного вторгнення рф в Україну

Daytime Lipid Metabolism Modulated by <i>CLOCK</i> Gene Is Linked to Retinal Ganglion Cells Damage in Glaucoma

Lipid metabolism is intimately linked to circadian mechanisms and light signaling. Deteriorated photic transduction because of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss occurring with glaucoma progression reduces perceived light amplitude, causing circadian disruption. To investigate associations with RGCs, total cholesterol (TC), its low-density (LDL-C) and high-density (HDL-C) fractions, and triglycerides (TG) were measured, under a controlled meal regimen, during daytime hours in 114 patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). RGC damage was assessed by high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT). Analysis of eight clock, clock-related, and melatonin receptor gene polymorphisms was performed on 19 patients. RGC loss was associated with changes in lipid metabolism in a time-dependent manner. Morning (08:00) values of HDL-C (r = 0.613, p p p = 0.012) but showed a strong correlation in the evening (20:00) (r = 0.533, p < 0.0001). The morning–evening gradients (MEGs, changes at 20:00 versus 08:00) in TC and LDL-C changed sign from a negative to a positive association in patients exceeding the 15% two-eye mean GLV threshold. MEG (LDL-C higher in the evening than in the morning) was positive only in POAG patients with the CLOCK_3111 TT genotype

Alkyl Substituent in Heterocyclic Substrate, Carbon Skeleton Length of <i>O</i>-Nucleophilic Agent and Conditions Influence the Product Composition from Competitive Reactions of <i>S_N^ipso</i> Substitution by Aliphatic Oligoethers

Using 1H NMR spectroscopy, we studied the relative mobility of the NO2 group in 1-alkyl-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazoles in the reaction of nucleophilic heterocyclic substitution by aliphatic oligoethers. The main pathways of the SNipso substitution process and the composition of resultant products from competitive reactions were examined, and the key factors influencing the relative mobility of the nitro group, such as the nitrotriazole substrate constitution, the carbon skeleton length of the O-nucleophilic agent and the process conditions, were discussed. Several independent competitive reactions directed towards the substitution of the nitro group at position C(5) in the alkyltriazole substrate by different types of nucleophiles such as alkoxide-, hydroxide- and triazolonate anions were observed to take place under conditions used. The major reaction yielded oligoethers containing terminal alkyltriazole heterocycles. Secondary reactions occurred to form the corresponding triazolone and N–C triazolyl triazolone structures in the reaction system. Additionally, in excess of the alkaline agent, alkaline hydrolysis was observed to proceed at the final stages of the process involving the O-nucleophile having a longer oligoether backbone in the series studied, leading to the formation of new O-nucleophilic sites. The obtained findings can provide a foundation for devising a method for the modification of a wide range of commercially available aliphatic oligo- or polyethers to prepare functional macromolecules whose terminals carry bioactive 1,2,4-triazole heterocycles located at a desired distance from each other

New 5-Aminotetrazole-Based Energetic Polymers: Synthesis, Structure and Properties

An N-glycidyl-5-aminotetrazole homopolymer was synthesized herein by nucleophilic substitution of 5-aminotetrazole heterocycles for chlorine atoms in poly-(epichlorohydrin)-butanediol. Copolymers of N-glycidyl-5-aminotetrazole and glycidyl azide with a varied ratio of energetic elements were synthesized by simultaneously reacting the 5-aminotetrazole sodium salt and the azide ion with the starting polymeric matrix. The 5-aminotetrazole-based homopolymer was nitrated to furnish a polymer whose macromolecule is enriched additionally with energy-rich terminal ONO2 groups and nitrate anions. The structures of the synthesized polymers were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and gel-permeation chromatography. The densities were experimentally measured, and thermal stability data were acquired by differential scanning calorimetry. The insertion of aminotetrazole heterocycles into the polymeric chain and their modification via nitration provides an acceptable thermal stability and a considerable enhancement in density and nitrogen content compared to azide homopolymer GAP. By the 1.3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, we demonstrated the conceptual possibility of preparing spatially branched, energy-rich polymeric binders bearing 5-aminotetrazole and 1,2,3-triazole heterocycles starting from the plasticized azide copolymers. The presence of the aforesaid advantages makes the reported polymers attractive candidates for use as a scaffold of energetic binders

Energetic Materials Based on <i>N</i>-substituted 4(5)-nitro-1,2,3-triazoles

The regularities and synthetic potentialities of the alkylation of 4(5)-nitro-1,2,3-triazole in basic media were explored, and new energetic ionic and nitrotriazole-based coordination compounds were synthesized in this study. The reaction had a general nature and ended with the formation of N1-, N2-, and N3-alkylation products, regardless of the conditions and reagent nature (alkyl- or aryl halides, alkyl nitrates, dialkyl sulfates). This reaction offers broad opportunities for expanding the variability of substituents on the nitrotriazole ring in the series of primary and secondary aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic substituents, which is undoubtedly crucial for solving the problems related to both high-energy materials development and medicinal chemistry when searching for new efficient bioactive compounds. An efficient methodology for the separation of regioisomeric N-alkyl(aryl)nitrotriazoles has been devised and relies on the difference in their basicity and reactivity during quaternization and complexation reactions. Based on the inaccessible N3-substitution products that exhibit a combination of properties of practical importance, a series of energy-rich ionic systems and coordination compounds were synthesized that are gaining ever-increasing interest for the chemistry of energy-efficient materials, coordination chemistry, and chemistry of ionic liquids

Assessment of the combined effects of chromium and benzene on the rat neuroendocrine and immune systems

This study assessed the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, and bone marrow) of Wistar rats treated with a mixture of chromium and benzene. Animals were assessed at three time-points (45, 90 and 135 days) following oral mixture exposure. The hypothalamus-pituitary system was examined in light and electron microscopy. Lymphoid organs underwent a morphological assessment and the immunophenotype of splenocytes was characterized immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies. Splenocytes cytokine production of was determined by ELISA after Con-A stimulation. Combined exposure to chromium and benzene in average doses of 20 mg Cr (VI)/kg body weight/day and 0.6 ml benzene/kg body weight/day impaired the responsiveness of the central compartment of the HPA axis, as evidenced by functional activation of the secretory activity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which was not followed by a sufficient extrusion of nonapeptides at the neurohypophysis and hypothalamic median eminence. Chromium and benzene exposure reduced the thymus mass, thymocytes count, and caused a number of structural and functional changes indicative of transient thymus involution. In the spleen, exposure to both chemicals resulted in lymphoreticular hyperplasia and plasma cell-macrophage transformation (also observed in lymph nodes). Apoptosis of thymocytes and lymphocytes was also observed in T-zones of the spleen. Notably, the effects were similar to those observed earlier for the single agents, under the same experimental conditions, without evidence of additivity