Results of InStruct analysis.

<p>Optimal alignments of replicate clusters were determined by the CLUMPP software. Each population is represented by a vertical bar partitioned into colored segments according to the probability of belonging to one of the 13 color-coded genetic clusters. Numbers in parenthesis correspond to the numbers of strains. Grey and black bars label <i>S. cerevisiae</i> populations from the same grape varieties and vineyards, respectively.</p

Summary of spontaneous fermentations.

<p>Bars indicate the average fermentation duration of must samples that underwent a spontaneous fermentation in each of the vineyards (1–16) and for all grape varieties (A–H) in sampling year 1 (open circles) and 2 (closed circles). The light grey part of the bars indicates the average number of days until the beginning of fermentation (lag time, corresponding to a weight loss of 2 gl⁻¹), whereas the dark grey part indicates the average days of fermentation (corresponding to a weight loss from 2 gl-1 to 70 gl⁻¹). The average number of <i>S. cerevisiae</i> strains from sampling years 1 and 2 is also indicated, as well as average lag and fermentation times for samples from all grape varieties. The number of spontaneous fermentations for each variety/vineyard combination is given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032507#pone-0032507-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Consensus tree of 16 <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> populations (285 strains) from the Vinho Verde and Bairrada wine regions, shown as a neighbor-joining tree of allelic frequencies.

<p>Numbers on nodes are percentages of bootstrap values out of 1000. Populations from the same grape variety (8_D/9_D; 11_E/12_E; 2_A/3_A) are indicated by full circles, whereas groups of strains from the same vineyard (1_I/1_C/1_G; 11_I/11_E) and from grape variety I (10_I/11_I/13_I, collected in vineyards from both winemaking regions), are indicated by dotted and dashed circles, respectively.</p

Characteristics of all microsatellite loci that were used as genetic markers.

<p>Characteristics of all microsatellite loci that were used as genetic markers.</p

Correspondence analysis between geographic distance and population differentiation (F<i>_ST</i>) for pair wise comparisons of <i>S. cerevisiae</i> populations from vineyards 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 12, 13 and grape varieties A, C, D, E and I.

<p>Comparisons between vineyards with the same grape variety are shown in black ovals. All comparisons are statistically significant (P_{(random value<0.000001).}</p

Summary of the grape samples collected in the Bairrada and Vinho Verde regions, with indication of vineyards, grape varieties, sampling years, number of <i>S. cerevisiae</i> strains and Non-<i>Saccharomyces</i> species isolated.

<p>Summary of the grape samples collected in the Bairrada and Vinho Verde regions, with indication of vineyards, grape varieties, sampling years, number of <i>S. cerevisiae</i> strains and Non-<i>Saccharomyces</i> species isolated.</p

Geographic location of the vineyards 1–16 in the Vinho Verde and Bairrada apellations of origin (VAO and BAO), (1: Ponte da Barca; 2: Alvaredo; 3: Barbeita; 4: Longos Vales; 5: Ponte de Lima; 6: Amares; 7: Sousela; 8: São Tomé de Covelas; 9: Tresouras; 10: Ervedosa do Douro; 11: Quintã; 12: Cantanhede; 13: Mealhada; 14: Antes; 15: Outil; 16: Cerro).

<p>Subscript letters refer to the grape varieties that were cultivated in the vineyards and that were sampled within this study (A: Alvarinho; B: Aragonês; C: Arinto; D: Avesso; E: Baga; F: Bical; G: Loureiro; H: Maria Gomes; I: Touriga Nacional).</p

AMOVA analysis, F<i>_ST</i> values and distribution of variance components (%) among groups (AG), among populations within groups (APWG), and within populations (WP) based on microsatellite data of <i>S. cerevisiae</i> populations obtained from the indicated vineyards and grape varieties.

<p>All comparisons are statistically significant (P_{(random value<0.000001).}</p

Ablation of myeloid Sirt2 transiently impacts the control of <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i>.

<p>(A) Lung and (B) liver <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i> burdens at days 30, 60 and 120 post-infection of Cre⁺Sirt2^fl/fl mice (white circles) or Cre^-Sirt2^fl/fl (black circles). Represented are 3 independent experiments. The initial infectious dose was Log₁₀1.942±0.106; Log₁₀2.00±0.030; and Log₁₀2.177±0.124, for three independent experiments performed. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; determined by unpaired t-test; (C) Microscopic inflammatory lung lesions of <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i>-infected mice stained with hematoxylin-eosin. (D) NOS2 (red) and nuclei (blue) immunofluorescence staining, 30 days post-infection.</p

Absence of Sirt2 in myeloid cells does not impact lung cellular responses to <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i>.

<p>(A) Myeloid cell populations in lung 30 days post-infection were characterized by flow cytometry. (B) Flow cytometry analysis of total CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ, IL-17 and TNF production by CD4+ T cells restimulated with PMA and ionomycin in the presence of brefeldin A. Graphs show the mean ± SEM value of one representative experiment of at least two independent ones (n = 5). The gating strategies and representative plots are in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0131904#pone.0131904.s001" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a>. Significance was determined by the Student’s <i>t</i>-test.</p