Effect of Intraduodenal Bile and Taurodeoxycholate on Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion and on Plasma Levels of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Somatostatin in Man

Intraduodenal (i.d.) application of bile or Na-taurodeoxycholate (TDC) dose dependently enhances basal exocrine pancreatic secretion. The hydrokinetic effect is mediated at least in part by secretin. This study should show, whether vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a partial agonist of secretin, may also be involved in the mediation of the hydrokinetic effect. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were measured in order to check whether this counterregulating hormone is also released by bile and TDC. Twenty investigations were carried out on 10 fasting healthy volunteers provided with a double-lumen Dreiling tube. Bile and TDC were intraduodenally applied in doses of 2-6 g and 200-600 mg, respectively, at 65-min intervals. Plasma samples were withdrawn at defined intervals for radioimmunological determination of VIP and SLI. Duodenal juice was collected in 10-min fractions and analyzed for volume, pH, bicarbonate, lipase, trypsin, and amylase. I.d. application of bile or TDC dose dependently stimulated hydrokinetic and ecbolic pancreatic secretion. Bile exerted a slightly stronger effect than TDC. Pancreatic response was simultaneously accompanied by a significant increase of plasma VIP and SLI concentrations. The effect of bile on integrated plasma VIP and SLI concentrations seems to be dose dependent; the effect of TDC on integrated SLI, too. For the increase of integrated plasma VIP concentrations after TDC no dose-response relation could be established. We conclude that VIP may be a further mediator of bile-induced volume and bicarbonate secretion. The release of plasma SLI indicates that inhibitory mechanisms concomitantly are triggered by i.d. bile and TDC, as already shown during digestion for the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion

Base-rate neglect based on base-rates in experience-based contingency learning

Predicting criterion events based on probabilistic predictor events, humans often lend excessive weight to predictor event information and insufficient weight to criterion event base-rates. Using the matching-to-sample paradigm established in studies on experience-based contingency learning in animals, Goodie and Fantino (1996) showed that human judges exhibit base-rate neglect when sample cues are associated with response options through similarity relations. In conceptual replications of these studies, we demonstrated similar effects when sample cues resemble the response options in terms of base-rates skewed in the same direction rather than physical similarity. In line with the pseudocontingency illusion (Fiedler & Freytag, 2004), predictions were biased toward the more (less) frequently rewarded response option following the more (less) frequently presented sample cue. Thus, what is a demonstration of base-rate neglect from one perspective turns out to reflect the judges' sensitivity to the alignment of skewed base-rate distributions.

Changes in the populations of small birds in central Europe, as evidenced by 32 years of trapping data: Numbers are mostly declining.

Bestandsrückgänge, bedingt durch menschliche Einflüsse, sind für die Vogelwelt Mitteleuropas seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts dokumentiert (Naumann 1849). Im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts haben sie stark zugenommen, so dass heute in den „Roten Listen“ gefährdeter Tierarten für Vögel Deutschlands und seiner Nachbargebiete bis über 50 % der Arten als im Fortbestand gefährdet gelten (Übersichten Berthold 1990, Bauer & Berthold 1997, Bauer et al. 2002). Um für schwer zu erfassende Kleinvögel verlässliche Bestandszahlen zu erhalten, haben wir 1972 eine Bestandsüberwachungs-Studie gestartet – das „Mettnau-Reit-Illmitz“- („MRI“-) Programm. Diese Langzeit - „Volkszählung“ an Singvögeln beruht auf Ergebnissen standardisierten Fanges von Kleinvögeln, über die wir hier für einen 32-Jahre-Zeitraum für die Station Mettnau am Bodensee in Süddeutschland berichten. Vorangegangen war eine entsprechende 25-jährige Untersuchung (Berthold et al. 1998), die wir zum Vergleich heranziehen.At the Mettnau Station in southern Germany trapping of birds of 33 species during 1972-2003 yielded 181,186 first traps, the present evaluation of which has produced 4 main results: (1) the total numbers trapped decreased significantly during the study period (Fig. 1), (2) the most severe decline was found for long-distance migrants (Table 1, Fig. 2), (3) the average annual decrease in numbers trapped overall was 0.7 % per year, but for long-distance migrants 1.1 %, (4) the average number of individuals of all species trapped per year fell from 6474 in the first half of the study period to 5604 in the second half

Dynamic clusters (Dynamic Location of Phone Call Clusters)

When mobile handsets are making a call, a measurement report is sent to the serving base station periodically which includes the signal strengths to the base station and the next six strongest signals of the surrounding base stations. Motorola asked the Study Group if it was possible to say whether we could use this information to infer if phone calls occur in clusters and if it was possible to determine the locations, size and other features of these clusters. The Study Group found clusters in 'signal space,' that is, handsets reporting similar signal strengths with the same base stations and explored methods of locating these clusters geographically

09192 Abstracts Collection -- From Quality of Service to Quality of Experience

From 05.05. to 08.05.2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09192 ``From Quality of Service to Quality of Experience\u27\u27 was held in Schloss Dagstuhl~--~Leibniz Center for Informatics. During the seminar, several participants presented their current research, and ongoing work and open problems were discussed. Abstracts of the presentations given during the seminar as well as abstracts of seminar results and ideas are put together in this paper. The first section describes the seminar topics and goals in general. Links to extended abstracts or full papers are provided, if available

09192 Executive Summary -- From Quality of Service to Quality of Experience

From May 05 to May 08, 2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09192 ``From Quality of Service to Quality of Experience \u27\u27 was held in Schloss Dagstuhl~--~Leibniz Center for Informatics. The notion of emph{Quality of Service} has served as a central research topic in communication networks for more than a decade, however, usually starting from a rather technical view on service quality. Therefore, recently the notion of emph{Quality of Experience} has emerged, redirecting the focus towards the end user and trying to quantify her subjective experience gained from using a service. The goal of this Dagstuhl seminar is to discuss this important paradigm shift in an interdisciplinary international community of key researchers, to investigate innovative research methodologies and to deepen the scientific understanding of this topic which is highly relevant for the economic success of future mobile and fixed communication services