The Role of Ethiopian Courts in Commercial Arbitration

The role of arbitration in settling disputes which involves national and transnational commercial transactions is steadily growing in this era of globalisation. International and national rules governing various aspects of commercial arbitration have contributed to the effectiveness of arbitration as an alternative to litigation. The involvement of national courts is crucial to the overall efficacy of arbitration, both domestic and international. Instances calling for court intervention may appear at all stages of the arbitral proceedings. There is, however, a need to maintain a balance between the level of court involvement and the smooth functioning of arbitration – which is a contractual alternative to judicial dispute settlement. This article deals with the legal and practical role of Ethiopian courts during the three stages of arbitral proceeding, i.e., at the beginning of arbitration, during the arbitral proceedings, and after the end of the arbitration. And finally, I argue in favour of judicial restraint particularly during the first two stages of arbitral proceedings. Key words: Commercial Arbitration, Ethiopian courts, arbitral proceedings, judicial restrain

GRAIN MARKET AND RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN ETHIOPIA: A CASE OF STRUCTURE, CONDUCT AND PERFORMANCE OF GRAIN MARKET IN LUME WOREDA OF OROMIYA REGION.

Agriculture Development Led Industrialization (ADLI) has been government development strategy since 1990s; and its objective was to develop a market oriented modernized agriculture sector, with the development of the industry to follow this as a next development stage using the raw material from agriculture. The strategies for the agriculture development have focussed on extension and research services and development of infrastructure. Drawing on the data collected through interviews with government officials, cooperative leaders, farmers, traders and a survey of rural households, the ambition of this thesis is to asses the structural organization, conduct and performance of the grain marketing system with an objective of looking at how it benefits the rural livelihoods, in terms of fair prices for agricultural produces. Three major staple food grains – teff, wheat and chickpea – produced in the study area, were selected to conduct the market analysis. The structural organization of the grain marketing system appeared to be well structured and competitive. However, the conduct and performance of the grain market was influenced negatively by the presence of informal grain traders in the market, timing of loans return, and uncertainties created by price fluctuations in terminal markets; with a result causing a lot of potential benefits from the growing market opportunities missed out for both traders and producers. From the rural household survey, it was observed that the small scale agriculture is challenged by shrinking farm size from population growth, soil degradation, frequent drought and lack access to improved technologies. This has put the small scale agriculture in a question, as how long it will support the ever increasing population. Improvements of institutional support to smallholder agriculture, promotion of farmers’ cooperatives and control of the informal traders, were suggested as short term solutions. However, in long term transformation of the agriculture sector needs a moving away from the traditional subsistence oriented production by introducing modern technologies and consolidation of the fragmented farm for efficient use of the modern inputs

Factors Influencing Teachers’ Motivation: The Case of Degga Woreda Public Primary Schools

The aim of this study was to investigate factors influencing teachers’ motivation and their effect on performances: in the case of Degga Woreda public primary schools. Descriptive and explanatory research designs were adopted with both qualitative and quantitative research approach. The study population comprised a totaling 297 teachers from primary schools and 170 teachers were sampled for this study by using Yemane (1967). Also to identify the target respondents from total population of the study systematic random sampling techniques was used. Questionnaires, interview, and researcher observation were served as data collection instruments. The data were analyzed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multiple correlations and regression). The analysis was supported by the statistical software such as Statistical Package for Social Scientists 20 versions and Analysis of Moment Structures 22 versions. The key findings of doing so; reward system; job satisfaction and work situation were influence teachers’ motivation. The study concluded that the reward system, job satisfaction and work situation were highly influencing teachers’ motivation, and they have a major positive indirect effect on the performance of teachers. Finally, the study recommended that the ministry of education in consultation with a teacher’s representative, woreda education office, heads of school, and community should include in improving the reward system, job satisfaction and work situation. Keywords: Reward System, Work Situation, Job Satisfaction, Teachers’ Motivation DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-1-05 Publication date: January 31st 202

Effect of Organizational Leadership and Training on Teachers’ Performance: The Case of Degga Woreda Public Primary Schools

The aim of this study was to investigate factors influencing teachers’ motivation and their effect on performances: in the case of Degga Woreda public primary schools. Descriptive and explanatory research designs were adopted with both qualitative and quantitative research approach. The study population comprised a totaling 297 teachers from primary schools and 170 teachers were sampled for this study by using Yemane (1967). Also to identify the target respondents from total population of the study systematic random sampling techniques was used. Questionnaires, interview, and researcher observation were served as data collection instruments. The data were analyzed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multiple correlations and regression). The analysis was supported by the statistical software such as Statistical Package for Social Scientists 20 versions and Analysis of Moment Structures 22 versions. The key findings of doing so; organizational leadership and training and development have a positive direct effect on the performance of teachers. The study concluded that organizational leadership and training have a major positive direct effect on the performance of teachers. Finally, the study recommended that the regional education bureau, woreda education office, and head of schools will have developed a national training policy and award programs based on performance. Keywords: Organizational Leadership, Training, Performance of Teachers DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-3-01 Publication date: February 29th 202

The Effect of Plant Extract for Managing Diamondback Moth, Plutella Xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Head Cabbage in Ethiopia

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is the second most important vegetable crop in Ethiopia. Many insect pest species belonging to 16 families have been recorded on cabbages. Therefore the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of botanicals for managing diamondback moth on head cabbage. The experiment was conducted using irrigation at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center (ATARC) during 2013 September to December. The head cabbage variety Copenhagen Market was used for this experiment. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. For DBM management four locally available botanicals was sprayed continuously for six weeks. Throughout the growing season neem significantly reduced the DBM larvae and pupae population. Highly significant differences among the treatments were observed after application of botanicals and chemical on DBM larvae and pupae. All botanical treatments reduced the number of DBM larval population and increased marketable yield. The highest marketable cabbage yield was obtained from plots sprayed with neem. Keywords: botanicals, neem, cabbage, turmeric, control, lantana, DBM

Ethiopian Law of International Carriage by Air: An Overview

Ethiopia’s aviation history goes back to the late 1920s. And, carriage of goods and passengers by air dates at least as far back as the 1940s – the decade which witnessed the establishment of Ethiopian Air Lines Corporation (now Ethiopian Airlines).  Despite Ethiopia’s relative success in commercial aviation, domestic literature on commercial air law has been scanty. Court decisions involving air carriage are rare, and one can seldom find a course on air law in the curricula of Ethiopian law schools. This article is an attempt to briefly address the gap in literature and encourage further academic discourse on Ethiopian law of air carriage with particular attention to the law and practice regarding international carriage by air. Key words: Air law, international carriage by air, the 1929 Warsaw Convention, liability of the carrier, documents of carriage, limitation of liability of the carrie

The role of Ethiopian courts in commercial arbitration

The role of arbitration in settling disputes which involves national and transnational commercial transactions is steadily growing in this era of globalisation. International and national rules governing various aspects of commercial arbitration have contributed to the effectiveness of arbitration as an alternative to litigation. The involvement of national courts is crucial to the overall efficacy of arbitration, both domestic and international. Instances calling for court intervention may appear at all stages of the arbitral proceedings. There is, however, a need to maintain a balance between the level of court involvement and the smooth functioning of arbitration - which is a contractual alternative to judicial dispute settlement. This article deals with the legal and practical role of Ethiopian courts during the three stages of arbitral proceeding, i.e., at the beginning of arbitration, during the arbitral proceedings, and after the end of the arbitration. And finally, I argue in favour of judicial restraint particularly during the first two stages of arbitral proceedings