Leonardo da Vinci's Contributions from a Design Perspective

[EN] The figure of Leonardo da Vinci has been extensively studied. In fact, the Leonardiana Library brings together tens of thousands of titles on Leonardo and his work. During the second half of the 20th century, various treaties were published focusing on Leonardo¿s activity as an engineer, and more recently, an increasing number of scientific articles that focus on certain aspects of the prolific work of the genius such as construction, mechanics, strength of materials, etc. have been published. This article analyses the main contributions of the Tuscan genius in the field of design focusing on his processes for generating new solutions, his developments regarding graphic representation techniques, his improvements in plotting and measuring instruments, and how some of his devices were implemented and continue to maintain their usefulness.Cerveró-Meliá, E.; Capuz-Rizo, SF.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P. (2020). Leonardo da Vinci's Contributions from a Design Perspective. Designs. 4(3):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs4030038S12043Braha, D., & Maimon, O. (1997). The design process: properties, paradigms, and structure. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, 27(2), 146-166. doi:10.1109/3468.554679Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs, 2019–2020 https://www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/criteria-for-accrediting-engineering-programs-2019-2020/#definitionsVeltman, K. H. (2008). Leonardo da Vinci: A Review. Leonardo, 41(4), 381-388. doi:10.1162/leon.2008.41.4.381Innocenzi, P. (2020). Leonardo and the Design of Machines. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 36-46. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41018-6_5Oliveira, A. R. E. (2019). The Mechanical Sciences in Leonardo da Vinci’s Work. Advances in Historical Studies, 08(05), 215-238. doi:10.4236/ahs.2019.85016Jaramillo, H. E. (2011). Un Análisis de la Resistencia de Materiales a partir de los Postulados de «Consideraciones y Demostraciones Matemáticas sobre dos Nuevas Ciencias» de Galileo Galilei. Lámpsakos, (5), 53. doi:10.21501/21454086.819Reciprocating machine for weight lifting (Argano), Codex Atlanticus f. 30 v, (1478–1480) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reproduction_of_page_from_notebook_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_showing_a_geared_device_assembled_and_disassembled_LCCN2006681098.jpgModel at the Museum of Science and Technology of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Argano_sollevatore_pesi_Leonardo_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpgMap of the Val di Chiana, Royal Collection, RLW 12278, (1502–1504) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Val_di_Chiana.jpgReproduction of a compass designed by Leonardo https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Compas_Léonard_de_Vinci.JPGProportional or reduction compass. Forster Codex I f. 45 (1485) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reduction_Compass_Leonardo.jpgParabolic Compass. Codex Atlanticus f. 1093 r https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/0/03/20171027130237%21Leonardo_parabolic_compass.JPG.Detail of the Codex Atlanticus f. 5 r. Enlarged detail of the prospectograph being used by Leonardo https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Codice_Atlantico_-_Perspectograph.jpgStudy ot two odometers. Codex Atlanticus, f. 1b r https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Odomètre-Léonard.jpgOdometer model. Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci. (National Museum of Science and Technology of Milan) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Odometro_a_carriola_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_09908_01.jpgPugno, N. M. (2019). The commemoration of Leonardo da Vinci. Meccanica, 54(15), 2317-2324. doi:10.1007/s11012-019-01099-9Study for the mechanism of a manual lift (1495–1497), Madrid Codex I, f. 9 r https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascenceur_à_manivelle-Léonard.jpgStudy of a piling machine. Codex Atlanticus, f 785, Ambrosian Library of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonnette-Léonard.jpgModel of Leonardo’s pile machine, at the National Museum of Science and Technology of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battipalo_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_00040_01.jpgDetail of a mechanical jack, Codex Atlanticus, f. 0998 r, Ambrosian Library of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cric-Léonard.jpgManuscript of the self-propelled vehicle, Codex Atlanticus, f. 812 r (1478-1480), Ambrosiana Library of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Automobile.jpgModel of the self-propelled vehicle, at the National Museum of Science and Technology of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carro_semovente_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_09082_02.jp

A new photovoltaic floating cover system for water reservoirs

This paper describes a new photovoltaic floating cover system for water reservoirs developed jointly by the company CELEMIN ENERGY and the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia. The system consists of polyethylene floating modules which, with the use of tension producing elements and elastic fasteners, are able to adapt to varying reservoir water levels. A full-scale plant located near Alicante (Spain) was built in an agriculture reservoir to study the behaviour of the system. The top of the reservoir has a surface area of 4700 m(2) but only 7% of such area has been covered with the fixed solar system. The system also minimizes evaporation losses from water reservoirs. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The English revision of this paper was funded by the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.Ferrer Gisbert, CM.; Ferran Gozalvez, JJ.; Redón Santafé, M.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P.; Sánchez-Romero, F.; Torregrosa Soler, JB. (2013). A new photovoltaic floating cover system for water reservoirs. Renewable Energy. (60):63-70. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.04.007S63706

IMPLEMENTATION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC FLOATING COVER FOR IRRIGATION RESERVOIRS

[EN] The article presents the main features of a floating photovoltaic cover system (FPCS) for water irrigation reservoirs whose purpose is to reduce the evaporation of water while generating electrical power. The system consists of polyethylene floating modules which are able to adapt to varying reservoir water levels by means of tension bars and elastic fasteners. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Redón-Santafé, M.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P.; Sánchez-Romero, F.; Torregrosa Soler, JB.; Ferran Gozalvez, JJ.; Ferrer Gisbert, CM. (2014). IMPLEMENTATION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC FLOATING COVER FOR IRRIGATION RESERVOIRS. Journal of Cleaner Production. 66:568-570. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.006S5685706

Project and Design of a Special Agricultural Warehouse Developed in Phases in Valencia (Spain)

[EN] This article describes the developing phases to build warehouses for a Pomelo Company at Valencian County (East of Spain). The warehouses are remarkable because they did not have many intermediate columns. Spatial and lightweight solutions are adopted and described. In the Projects also natural ventilation and lighting have been considered with a successfully result. Erection conditions and Regulations have been taken also account. It has been an inspiration motive for other consultants.Ferrer Gisbert, CM.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P.; Ferran Gozalvez, JJ.; Redón-Santafé, M.; Torregrosa Soler, JB.; Sánchez-Romero, F. (2020). Project and Design of a Special Agricultural Warehouse Developed in Phases in Valencia (Spain). Current Trends in Civil & Structural Engineering. 5(5):1-8. https://doi.org/10.33552/CTCSE.2020.05.000623S185

Analysis of the Impact of Different Variables on the Energy Demand in Office Buildings

[EN] The design of near zero energy offices is a priority, which involves looking to achieve designs which minimise energy consumption and balance energy requirements with an increase in the installation and consumption of renewable energy. In light of this, some authors have used computer software to achieve simulations of the energy behaviour of buildings. Other studies based on regulatory systems which classify and label energy use also generally make their assessments through the use of software. In Spain, there is an authorised procedure for certifying the energy performance of buildings, and software (LIDER-CALENER unified tool) which is used to demonstrate compliance of the performance of buildings both from the point of view of energy demand and energy consumption. The aim of this study is to analyse the energy behaviour of an office building and the variability of the same using the software in terms of the following variables: climate zone, building orientation and certain surrounding wall types and encasements typical of this type of construction.Fuentes Bargues, JL.; Vivancos, J.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P.; Gimeno-Guillem, MÁ. (2020). Analysis of the Impact of Different Variables on the Energy Demand in Office Buildings. Sustainability. 12(13):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135347S1231213Pérez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J., & Pout, C. (2008). A review on buildings energy consumption information. Energy and Buildings, 40(3), 394-398. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.03.007https://www.google.com.hk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiD95W5-qrqAhVP62EKHaYLCFAQFjADegQIARAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenergy%2Fsites%2Fener%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F2012_energy_roadmap_2050_en_0.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3tfjm-IvZt9fXrnZuvpohwEuropean Comission Climate Strategies & Targets https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_enEuropean Comission Climate Negotations https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris_en2018/844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 Amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy Performance of Buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on Energy Efficiency https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0844&from=ENKurnitski, J., Saari, A., Kalamees, T., Vuolle, M., Niemelä, J., & Tark, T. (2011). Cost optimal and nearly zero (nZEB) energy performance calculations for residential buildings with REHVA definition for nZEB national implementation. Energy and Buildings, 43(11), 3279-3288. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.08.033Aparicio Ruiz, P., Guadix Martín, J., Salmerón Lissén, J. M., & Sánchez de la Flor, F. J. (2014). An integrated optimisation method for residential building design: A case study in Spain. Energy and Buildings, 80, 158-168. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.05.020Tourism and Digital Agenda Plan Nacional de Acción de Eficiencia Energética 2017–2020 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/es_neeap_2017_es.pdfGuía de Ahorro y Eficiencia Energética en Oficinas http://www.officinaseficientes.es/docs/guia_OFF.pdfCrawley, D. B., Hand, J. W., Kummert, M., & Griffith, B. T. (2008). Contrasting the capabilities of building energy performance simulation programs. Building and Environment, 43(4), 661-673. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.027Pérez-Andreu, V., Aparicio-Fernández, C., Martínez-Ibernón, A., & Vivancos, J.-L. (2018). Impact of climate change on heating and cooling energy demand in a residential building in a Mediterranean climate. Energy, 165, 63-74. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.015Herrando, M., Cambra, D., Navarro, M., de la Cruz, L., Millán, G., & Zabalza, I. (2016). Energy Performance Certification of Faculty Buildings in Spain: The gap between estimated and real energy consumption. Energy Conversion and Management, 125, 141-153. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.037Sinacka, J., & Ratajczak, K. (2018). Analysis of selected input data impact on energy demand in office building - case study. MATEC Web of Conferences, 222, 01015. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201822201015Mikulik, J. (2018). Energy Demand Patterns in an Office Building: A Case Study in Kraków (Southern Poland). Sustainability, 10(8), 2901. doi:10.3390/su10082901Aparicio Ruiz, P., Sánchez de la Flor, F. J., Molina Felix, J. L., Salmerón Lissén, J., & Guadix Martín, J. (2016). Applying the HVAC systems in an integrated optimization method for residential building’s design. A case study in Spain. Energy and Buildings, 119, 74-84. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.03.023Royal Decree 235/2013, of 5th April, Agreeing to the Procedure Basic for the Certification of the Energy Efficiency of Buildings https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2013/BOE-A-2013-3904-consolidado.pdfUnified Tool LIDER-CALENER (HULC-Tool) https://veredes.es/blog/en/herramienta-unificada-lider-calener-hulc/Rosselló-Batle, B., Ribas, C., Moià-Pol, A., & Martínez-Moll, V. (2015). An assessment of the relationship between embodied and thermal energy demands in dwellings in a Mediterranean climate. Energy and Buildings, 109, 230-244. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.10.007Sánchez Ramos, J., Guerrero Delgado, Mc., Álvarez Domínguez, S., Molina Félix, J. L., Sánchez de la Flor, F. J., & Tenorio Ríos, J. A. (2019). Systematic Simplified Simulation Methodology for Deep Energy Retrofitting Towards Nze Targets Using Life Cycle Energy Assessment. Energies, 12(16), 3038. doi:10.3390/en12163038Catalogue of Constructive Elements of the TBC 2011 https://itec.cat/cec/Construction Technology of Catalonia (Instituto de Tecnología de la Construcción: ITec) https://en.itec.cat/Ministry of Development Support Document of the DB HE1 for the calculation of Characteristic Parameters of the Building Envelope (DA DB-HE/1) 2015 https://www.codigotecnico.org/images/stories/pdf/ahorroEnergia/DA_DB-HE-1_Calculo_de_parametros_caracteristicos_de_la_envolvente.pdfCondiciones de Aceptación de Procedimientos Alternativos a LIDER y CALENER https://www.idae.es/publicaciones/condiciones-de-aceptacion-de-procedimientos-alternativos-lider-y-calenerDesign Builder Software, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2004 Building Thermal Envelope and Fabric Load Tests 2006 http://www.designbuilder.co.uk/documents/ANSI_ASHRAE.pdfDatabase 2019 https://www.five.es/productos/herramientas-on-line/visualizador-2019/Haase, M., Marques da Silva, F., & Amato, A. (2009). Simulation of ventilated facades in hot and humid climates. Energy and Buildings, 41(4), 361-373. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.11.008Lau, A. K. K., Salleh, E., Lim, C. H., & Sulaiman, M. Y. (2016). Potential of shading devices and glazing configurations on cooling energy savings for high-rise office buildings in hot-humid climates: The case of Malaysia. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(2), 387-399. doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.04.004Al-ajmi Farraj F., & Hanby, V. I. (2008). Simulation of energy consumption for Kuwaiti domestic buildings. Energy and Buildings, 40(6), 1101-1109. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.10.010Raheem, A. A., Issa, R. R., & Olbina, S. (2013). Solar transmittance analysis of different types of sunshades in the Florida climate. Building Simulation, 7(1), 3-11. doi:10.1007/s12273-013-0137-4Valladares-Rendón, L. G., & Lo, S.-L. (2014). Passive shading strategies to reduce outdoor insolation and indoor cooling loads by using overhang devices on a building. Building Simulation, 7(6), 671-681. doi:10.1007/s12273-014-0182-7Huang, Y., Niu, J., & Chung, T. (2014). Comprehensive analysis on thermal and daylighting performance of glazing and shading designs on office building envelope in cooling-dominant climates. Applied Energy, 134, 215-228. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.100Ng, P. K., Mithraratne, N., & Kua, H. W. (2013). Energy analysis of semi-transparent BIPV in Singapore buildings. Energy and Buildings, 66, 274-281. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.07.029Ihara, T., Gao, T., Grynning, S., Jelle, B. P., & Gustavsen, A. (2015). Aerogel granulate glazing facades and their application potential from an energy saving perspective. Applied Energy, 142, 179-191. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.05

Study of Major-Accident Risk Assessment Techniques in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process

[EN] Design, implementation, and operation of any project are affected by the environment where it is developed; at the same time, the project will influence the environment, since during its life cycle it can cause an impact on it. This impact can lead to social, economic, and environmental results. Directive 2014/52/EU, on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, reflects the obligation for the project promoter to consider, in the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) of the project, their vulnerability (exposure and resilience) to major accidents and/or disasters, evaluating both the risk and their effects on the environment, in case these major accidents and/or disasters appear. The IEC 31.010:2019 Risk management-Risk assessment techniques standard defines 45 risk appreciation techniques that are useful when analysing the risks, in general. The objective of this paper is to review these 45 techniques, and establish which ones can be used for the assessment of accidents or disasters required in the specific environmental impact assessment process to accomplish with the regulation. After the revision, the authors propose five risks appreciation techniques that could be used for the assessment of major accidents and or disasters in projects for which EIA has to be carried out.The APC was funded by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.Fuentes Bargues, JL.; Bastante Ceca, MJ.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P.; González-Cruz, M. (2020). Study of Major-Accident Risk Assessment Techniques in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process. Sustainability. 12(14):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145770S1161214Gimenez, C., Sierra, V., & Rodon, J. (2012). Sustainable operations: Their impact on the triple bottom line. International Journal of Production Economics, 140(1), 149-159. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.01.035Kleindorfer, P. R., Singhal, K., & Wassenhove, L. N. (2009). Sustainable Operations Management. Production and Operations Management, 14(4), 482-492. doi:10.1111/j.1937-5956.2005.tb00235.xZhang, X., Wu, Y., & Shen, L. (2015). Embedding «green» in project-based organizations: the way ahead in the construction industry? Journal of Cleaner Production, 107, 420-427. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.024Chofreh, A. G., Goni, F. A., Malik, M. N., Khan, H. H., & Klemeš, J. J. (2019). The imperative and research directions of sustainable project management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 238, 117810. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117810Armenia, S., Dangelico, R. M., Nonino, F., & Pompei, A. (2019). Sustainable Project Management: A Conceptualization-Oriented Review and a Framework Proposal for Future Studies. Sustainability, 11(9), 2664. doi:10.3390/su11092664Silvius, A. J. G., & Schipper, R. P. J. (2014). Sustainability in project management: A literature review and impact analysis. Social Business, 4(1), 63-96. doi:10.1362/204440814x13948909253866Dong, N., Fu, Y., Xiong, F., Li, L., Ao, Y., & Martek, I. (2019). Sustainable Construction Project Management (SCPM) Evaluation—A Case Study of the Guangzhou Metro Line-7, PR China. Sustainability, 11(20), 5731. doi:10.3390/su11205731Gilbert Silvius, A. J., Kampinga, M., Paniagua, S., & Mooi, H. (2017). Considering sustainability in project management decision making; An investigation using Q-methodology. International Journal of Project Management, 35(6), 1133-1150. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.01.011Demidova, O., & Cherp, A. (2005). Risk assessment for improved treatment of health considerations in EIA. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25(4), 411-429. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2004.09.008Zeleňáková, M., & Zvijáková, L. (2017). Risk analysis within environmental impact assessment of proposed construction activity. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 62, 76-89. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2016.10.003Marconi, M., Marilungo, E., Papetti, A., & Germani, M. (2017). Traceability as a means to investigate supply chain sustainability: the real case of a leather shoe supply chain. International Journal of Production Research, 55(22), 6638-6652. doi:10.1080/00207543.2017.1332437Torres-Ruiz, A., & Ravindran, A. R. (2018). Multiple criteria framework for the sustainability risk assessment of a supplier portfolio. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 4478-4493. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.304Oliveira, F. N. de, Leiras, A., & Ceryno, P. (2019). Environmental risk management in supply chains: A taxonomy, a framework and future research avenues. Journal of Cleaner Production, 232, 1257-1271. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.032Chen, Z., Li, H., Ren, H., Xu, Q., & Hong, J. (2011). A total environmental risk assessment model for international hub airports. International Journal of Project Management, 29(7), 856-866. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.03.004Zeleňáková, M., Labant, S., Zvijáková, L., Weiss, E., Čepelová, H., Weiss, R., … Minďaš, J. (2020). Methodology for environmental assessment of proposed activity using risk analysis. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 80, 106333. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2019.106333Tixier, J., Dusserre, G., Salvi, O., & Gaston, D. (2002). Review of 62 risk analysis methodologies of industrial plants. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 15(4), 291-303. doi:10.1016/s0950-4230(02)00008-6Marhavilas, P. K., Koulouriotis, D., & Gemeni, V. (2011). Risk analysis and assessment methodologies in the work sites: On a review, classification and comparative study of the scientific literature of the period 2000–2009. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 24(5), 477-523. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2011.03.004Zheng, X., & Liu, M. (2009). An overview of accident forecasting methodologies. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22(4), 484-491. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2009.03.005Price, C. J., & Taylor, N. S. (2002). Automated multiple failure FMEA. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 76(1), 1-10. doi:10.1016/s0951-8320(01)00136-

Green Public Procurement at a Regional Level. Case Study: The Valencia Region of Spain

[EN] Research on current practices and the state of green public procurement enables the identification of areas that can be improved, as well as opportunities to improve the tendering procedures from an environmental point of view. To understand the behaviour of local, provincial, and regional administrations concerning green public procurement, a case study on the Valencia region of Spain is made. The Valencian region is one of the most important communities in terms of population, number of contracting authorities, and weight in the Spanish Gross Domestic Product. In this study, a total of 967 procedures were analysed from calls for tenders made by municipal, provincial, and regional administrations in2016 and 2017.The results of this study show that the use of environmental criteria is 19.7% and the average weight is 4.1 out of 100. The civil engineering subsector, more than the building subsector, employs environmental criteria, particularly in projects tendered by regional administrations, whereas for projects with large budgets the level of use is similar for both subsectors. It is necessary to encourage plans to improve Green Public Procurement (GPP) practices in the Valencian administrations, especially those with a local scope such as municipalities.This research was funded by the Conselleria de Educacion, Investigacion, Cultura y Deporte of the Generalitat Valenciana through the project Analysis of the Green Public Procurement (CPV) of Works in the Valencian Community and Development of Indicators for their evaluation, grant number [GV/2017/027] of the R + D + i Projects for Emerging Research Groups 2017.Fuentes Bargues, JL.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P.; González-Cruz, M.; Bastante-Ceca, M. (2019). Green Public Procurement at a Regional Level. Case Study: The Valencia Region of Spain. International Journal of Environmental research and Public Health. 16(16):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162936S124161

Analysis of the technical documentation of the designs and projects of Leonardo da Vinci

[EN] Leonardo da Vinci improved and fully completed the drawings and sketches of the designs of the Italian engineers who were contemporaries or who preceded him. Thus, he improved the machine designs of Paolo Santini and Francesco di Giorgio Martini, or those of the hydraulic devices of Mariano di Iacopo. He also complemented and exceeded Brunelleschi's crane designs for his Arno River detour project, arriving to elaborate specifications and documents with similar characteristics to the current ones. As an example, in his project of the Sforza¿s Great Horse, he develops the memory, the general and detailed plans, the legends incorporated into the plans, etc., and in his project of the Mausoleum for Marshal Trivulcio he incorporates a budget with detailed prices by items, almost equivalent to those made today. The article aims to demonstrate the document superiority of Leonardo's designs in front of his contemporaries, showing that the documentation elaborated by him for some of his technical designs allow us to qualify him as a precursor of the modern technical documentation.[ES] Leonardo da Vinci mejoró y completó con creces los dibujos y esbozos de los diseños de los ingenieros italianos coetáneos o que le precedieron. Así, mejoró los diseños de máquinas de Paolo Santini y de Francesco di Giorgio Martini, o los de los artilugios hidráulicos de Mariano di Iacopo. Igualmente complementó y superó los diseños de grúas de Brunelleschi para su proyecto de desvío del Río Arno, llegando a elaborar especificaciones y documentos con características similares a las actuales. A modo de ejemplo, en su proyecto del Gran Caballo Sforza, desarrolla la memoria, los planos generales y de detalle, las leyendas incorporadas a los planos, etc., y en su proyecto del Mausoleo para el Mariscal Trivulcio incorpora un presupuesto con precios detallados por partidas, casi equivalente a los que se realizan hoy en día. El artículo quiere demostrar la superioridad documental de los diseños de Leonardo frente a sus coetáneos, mostrando que la documentación por él elaborada para algunos de sus diseños técnicos permiten calificarle como un precursor de la moderna documentación técnica.Cerveró Meliá, E.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P.; Capuz-Rizo, SF. (2019). Análisis de la documentación técnica de los diseños y proyectos de Leonardo da VInci. AEIPRO. 731-743. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/181235S73174

Analysis of Green Public Procurement of Works by Spanish Public Universities

[EN] Universities play an important role among public institutions because they initiate huge purchasing and contracting activities and contribute to sustainable development through education, research, and day-to-day operations. Existing studies on green public procurement (GPP) practices at Spanish universities focus on products and services. For this study, a total of 316 procedures were collected and analysed from the calls for tenders made by Spanish public universities between 2016 and 2017. The environmental criteria involved in the tenders and their weights were classified by subsector, geographical scope, and project budget. The results of this study show the use of environmental criteria in the works tendered by Spanish public universities is low (19.2%) in comparison with the results of other studies. It is therefore necessary to encourage GPP practices in the contracting process to comply with the environmental policies that universities have defined as part of their institutional policies.This research was funded by the Conselleria de Educacion, Investigacion, Cultura y Deporte of the Generalitat Valenciana through the project Analysis of the Green Public Procurement (CPV) of Works in the Valencian Community and Development of Indicators for their evaluation, grant number [GV/2017/027] of the R + D + i Projects for Emerging Research Groups 2017.Fuentes Bargues, JL.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P.; González-Cruz, M. (2018). Analysis of Green Public Procurement of Works by Spanish Public Universities. International Journal of Environmental research and Public Health. 15(1888):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091888S12015188

Public procurement of municipal works. Analysis of cemetery execution projects

[EN] The public procurement of works from the local administration includes from new projects within the scope of building subsectro: administrative and educational buildings (schools, libraries) as within the scope of civil engineering subsector: housing developments, parks and gardens, sports infrastructure and/or bike lanes. Municipal public works also include the repair, rehabilitation and maintenance of municipal infrastructures such as lighting, air conditioning, roads and sidewalks, etc., which means a wide range of types of work. In a study carried out on public procurement in the Valencian Community during the years 2016 and 2017, it was found that, after road projects (including actions on public lighting), the projects most tendered by the local administration are extensions and improvements to cemeteries, which in most cases are municipally-owned. Given this importance, at least in terms of the number of projects identified, this communication is proposed in order to carry out an analysis of cemetery execution projects, identifying their main characteristics, typologies, construction processes, aspect of the tender, etc.[ES] La contratación pública de obras desde la administración local comprende desde proyectos de nueva planta dentro del ámbito de edificación: edificios administrativos y educativos (colegios, bibliotecas), etc., como dentro del ámbito obra civil: urbanizaciones, parques y jardines, infraestructuras deportivas y/o carriles bici. Dentro de las obras públicas municipales también se encuentran los trabajos de reparación, rehabilitación y mantenimiento de las infraestructuras municipales como alumbrado, climatización, viales y aceras, etc., lo que supone un abanico muy amplio de tipologías de obra. En un estudio realizado sobre la contratación pública en la Comunidad Valenciana durante los años 2016 y 2017 se ha podido comprobar que, tras los proyectos de reparaciones de viales y calzadas (incluyendo las actuaciones sobre alumbrado público), los proyectos más licitados por la administración local son las ampliaciones y mejoras de los cementerios, los cuáles en la mayoría de los casos tienen titularidad municipal. Dada esta importancia, al menos en el número de proyectos identificados, se propone esta comunicación que tiene como objeto realizar un análisis de los proyectos de ejecución de cementerios, identificando sus principales características, tipologías, procesos constructivos, aspecto de la licitación, etc.Este trabajo surge como resultado del proyecto GV/2017/027: Análisis de la Contratación Pública Verde (CPV) de Obras en la Comunidad Valenciana y Desarrollo de Indicadores para su Evaluación, aprobado en la convocatoria de Proyectos I+D+i para Grupos de IFuentes Bargues, JL.; González-Cruz, M.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P.; Bastante-Ceca, M. (2019). La contratación pública de obras municipales. Análisis de los proyectos de ejecución de cementerios. AEIPRO. 375-385. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/181292S37538