Evaluation of mass loss of pineapple bagasse pretreated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide / Avaliação da perda de massa de bagaço de abacaxi pré-tratado com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino

In this work, the mass loss caused by the pre-treatment, with alkaline hydrogen peroxide, of the dried and ground pineapple bagasse was studied. The bagasse was separated granulometrically. The fractions with an average diameter of 1.242 mm (20 mesh) and 0.564 mm (48 mesh) showed the highest volumes among the sieves used. For this reason, these two fractions were chosen to evaluate the influence of particle size on the mass loss during the pre-treatment. The dry pineapple bagasse was characterized for the contents of moisture, ash, soluble and insoluble lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and carbohydrates. Central composite rotatable designs were carried out for each particle size in order to assess the influence of pre-treatment time (h), temperature (°C) and concentration of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (%) on the mass losses caused in the samples. The mass losses observed in the pineapple bagasse fractions, after pretreatment, varied between 80.467 ± 0.722% and 89.495 ± 0.985% for the 20 mesh bagasse and 79.641 ± 0.856% and 88.576 ± 0.170% for the 48 mesh bagasse. Mass losses were very high, which may indicate that pretreatment with alkaline sodium hydroxide is too aggressive for pineapple bagasse.   

Saccharification of Orange Bagasse Pre-treated with Calcium Hydroxide using an enzymatic blend Diluted Hydrochloric Acid

A hidrólise do bagaço de laranja foi estudada por processos enzimáticos e ácido diluído. Os teores de umidade, cinzas, lignina, celulose e hemicelulose foram quantificados. A atividade das enzimas foi quantificada, bem como a temperatura e o pH ótimos. A biomassa foi pré-tratada com hidróxido de cálcio. As hidrólises seguiram um planejamento fatorial 2³ do tipo composto central. A atividade da celulase foi 28,05∙10-6 FPU (Filter Paper Units)/m3, o pH ótimo foi 4,8 e a temperatura foi 60°C. Os resultados da xilanase foram atividade de 199,58∙10-3 U/Kg, pH 5,2, e temperatura 50°C. Os valores de açucares redutores totais (ART) da hidrólise ácida variaram de (9,328 ± 0,68)∙10-3 Kg ART por Kg de biomassa a (30,15±0,31)∙10-3 Kg ART por Kg biomassa, o fator mais significativo foi a temperatura e o menos significativo, o tempo. Os valores de ART da hidrólise enzimática variaram de (77,33±3,82)∙10-3 Kg ART por Kg biomassa a (99,66±0,62)∙10-3 kg ART por Kg biomassa, o fator mais significativo foi a concentração de celulase e o menos significativo a concentração de xilanase.Enzymatic and dilute acid processes were applied to study the orange bagasse hydrolysis. The moisture, ashes, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents, of the orange peels, were quantified. The xylanase and cellulase enzymes activities  were quantified, as well as their optimum pH and temperatures. The pre dried orange peel biomass was pre-treated with calcium hydroxide, at preestablished conditions. The hydrolysis followed a central composite factorial 2³ design. The cellulase activity was 28.05x10-6 FPU (Filter Paper Units)/m3, the optimum pH was 4.8 and the temperature was 60°C. The results for xylanase were an activity of 199.58x10-3 U/Kg, pH 5.2, and temperature 50°C. The acid hydrolysis TRS (total reducing sugars) values varied from (9.328±0.68 mg)*10-3 TRS per Kg of biomass to (30.15±0.31)*10-3 mg TRS per Kg biomass, the most significant factor was the temperature and the least the time. The enzymatic hydrolysis TRS values varied from (77.33±3.82)*10-3 mg TRS per Kg biomass to (99.66±0.62)*10-3 mg TRS per Kg biomass, the most significant factor was the concentration of cellulase and the least the xylanase concentration.La hidrólisis del bagazo de naranja fue realizada por medio de un proceso enzimático con celulasas y un processo químico con ácido diluido. Las cantidades de humedad, cenizas, lignina, celulosa y hemicelulosa fueron cuantificadas. La actividad de las enzimas fue determinada a temperatura y pH optimo. La biomasa fue pretratada con hidróxido de cálcio. Los experimentos de hidrólisis fueron realizados utilizando un diseño fatorial 2³ del tipo compuesto central. La actividad de la celulasa fue de 28,05∙10-6 FPU (Filter Paper Units)/m3, con un pH optimo de 4,8 y una temperatura de 60°C. Asimismo los resultados para la actividad de xilanasas obtenidos fueron de 199,58∙10-3 U/ Kg, a pH 5,2, y temperatura 50°C. Los valores de azúcares reductores totales ART de la hidrólisis ácida variaron de (9,328 ± 0,68)*10-3 Kg ART /Kg de biomasa a (30,15±0,31)∙10-3 Kg ART/ Kg de biomasa, presentando como factor mas significativo la temperatura y como menos significativo, el tiempo. Para el caso de la hidrólisis enzimática los valores de ART variaron de (77,33±3,82)∙10-3 Kg ART/ Kg de biomasa a (99,66±0,62)∙10-3 kg ART / Kg de biomasa, siendo el fator más significativo la concentración de celulasa y el menos significativo la concentración de xilanasa

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2010: volume 4: as disciplinas escolares, os temas transversais e o processo de educação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data