Quantum Universe on Extremely Small Space-time Scales

The semiclassical approach to the quantum geometrodynamical model is used for the description of the properties of the Universe on extremely small space-time scales. Under this approach, the matter in the Universe has two components of the quantum nature which behave as antigravitating fluids. The first component does not vanish in the limit ħ → 0 and can be associated with dark energy. The second component is described by an extremely rigid equation of state and goes to zero after the transition to large space-time scales. On small space-time scales, this quantum correction turns out to be significant. It determines the geometry of the Universe near the initial cosmological singularity point. This geometry is conformal to a unit four-sphere embedded in a five-dimensional Euclidean flat space. During the consequent expansion of the Universe, when reaching the post-Planck era, the geometry of the Universe changes into that conformal to a unit four-hyperboloid in a five-dimensional Lorentz-signatured flat space. This agrees with the hypothesis about the possible change of geometry after the origin of the expanding Universe from the region near the initial singularity point. The origin of the Universe can be interpreted as a quantum transition of the system from a region in the phase space forbidden for the classical motion, but where a trajectory in imaginary time exists, into a region, where the equations of motion have the solution which describes the evolution of the Universe in real time. Near the boundary between two regions, from the side of real time, the Universe undergoes almost an exponential expansion which passes smoothly into the expansion under the action of radiation dominating over matter which is described by the standard cosmological model.Квазiкласичний пiдхiд до квантово-геометродинамiчної моделi застосовано для опису властивостей всесвiту на екстремально малих просторово-часових масштабах. У цьому пiдходi матерiя у всесвiтi має двi компоненти квантової природи, якi поводять себе як антигравiтуючi рiдини. Перша компонента не набуває нульового значення в границi ħ → 0 та може бути асоцiйована з темною енергiєю. Друга компонента описується екстремально жорстким рiвнянням стану i прямує до нуля пiсля переходу до великих просторово-часових масштабiв. На малих просторовочасових масштабах ця квантова поправка вiдiграє значну роль. Вона визначає геометрiю всесвiту бiля точки початкової космологiчної сингулярностi. Ця геометрiя є конформною до одиничної 4-сфери, зануреної у 5-вимiрний евклiдовий плоский простiр. Пiд час наступного розширення всесвiту, пiсля досягнення пост-планкiвської ери, геометрiя всесвiту перетворюється на геометрiю, конформну до одиничного 4-гiперболоїда у 5- вимiрному плоскому просторi з лоренцiвською сигнатурою. Це узгоджується з гiпотезою про можливу змiну геометрiї пiсля виникнення всесвiту, що розширюється з областi поблизу точки початкової сингулярностi. Виникнення всесвiту може бути iнтерпретовано як квантовий перехiд системи з областi у фазовому просторi, забороненої для класичного руху, але де iснує траєкторiя в уявному часi, в область, де рiвняння руху мають розв’язок, що описує еволюцiю всесвiту у реальному часi. Поблизу межi мiж двома областями, з боку реального часу, всесвiт зазнає майже експоненцiального розширення, яке гладко переходить у розширення пiд дiєю випромiнювання, що домiнує над матерiєю, у вiдповiдностi iз стандартною космологiчною моделлю

Структура кредитной политики коммерческого банка

В статье раскрывается структура кредитной политики коммерческого банка

The 2D:4D digit ratio as biomarker for substance abuse

Purpose: The second (2D, index finger) to fourth (4D, ring finger) digit ratio is a biomarker for prenatal testosterone and estrogen exposure. It has been hypothesized that the developmental origins of health and behavior are modulated by the presence or absence of prenatal sex hormones. Several studies have shown a significant relationship between prenatal testosterone concentrations in amniotic fluid and adult risk taking behavior [1]. As the 2D:4D digit ratio does not change after the age of 2, it may be useful as screening tool for later life substance abuse [2]. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the 2D:4D digit ratio and its potential relationship with drug use and smoking. Methods: A survey was held among N= 1067 Dutch adults (57.6% men), aged 16-55 years old (mean age 23.8 years old). For both hands, digit lengths of the second (2D, index finger) and fourth (4D, ring finger) finger were measured using digital vernier calipers recording to 0.01 mm. Measurements were made from the mid-point of the finger crease proximal to the palm to the tip of the finger. Demographics, smoking status (yes/no) and daily number of cigarettes smoked were recorded. Past year's drug use was rated as (1) never, (2) seldom (1-2 times), (3) now and then (3-11 times), monthly, weekly, or daily. Non-parametric correlations were computed to examine the relationship of the 2D:4D digit ratio with alcohol, drug use, and smoking. In addition, substance use of subjects with a hawk-type (2D:4D 1) were compared. Results: Overall, the left 2D:4D digit ratio correlated significantly with frequency of drug use (r = -0.095, p = 0.003). The right 2D:4D digit ratio correlated significantly with the number of cigarettes smoked (r = -0.092, p = 0.005) and the frequency of drug use (r = -0.125, p = 0.0001). For men, the left 2D:4D digit ratio correlated significantly with frequency of drug use (r = -0.125, p = 0.003). The right 2D:4D digit ratio in men correlated significantly with the number of cigarettes smoked (r = -0.127, p = 0.003) and the frequency of drug use (r = -0.141, p = 0.001). For women, none of the correlations between substance abuse and digit ratio were significant. Subjects with a right 2D:4D1. They also significantly more often were drug users (p = 0.004, 33.6% of hawks versus 24.3% of doves). Conclusion: Subjects with a 2D:4D1. Although the strength of the associations is modest, subjects with a lower 2D:4D digit ratio tend to smoke more cigarettes and use drugs of abuse more frequently