Aspectos macroeconómicos del pensamiento de Alfred Marshall: Teoría monetaria

Alfred Marshall ha pasado a la historia de la teoría económica como maestro en el campo microeconómico. Sus aportadones a las teorías de valor, la demanda, la oferta, la distribución o la organización industrial han eclipsado otras, no menos significativas, a las teorías del dinero, los ciclos, o del comercio internacionaL El presente trabajo quiere recoger algunas de esas contribuciones, si bien se centra en su teoría monetaria que, formulada por encima de intereses prácticos o de política, ha resultado ser un eslabón esencial en la trasmisión de la teoría monetaria que ha llegado hasta nuestros días.Alfred Marshall has long been recognised as an important figure in the development of rigorous microeconomic theory. His contributions to the theories of value, demmand, supply, distribution and industrial otganization have (often overshadowed his other, no less significant, contributions to theories of money, business cycles, and international trade. This paper concentrates on MarshalTs influence on monetaiy theory, which carries forward to this day, and argues that this theory of money did not arise from his role as an adviser to the British ParlamentPublicad

New record of Abelisauroid Theropods from the Bauru group (upper cretaceous), São Paulo State, Brazil

Isolated bones of abelisauroid theropods from the Bauru Group (Late Cretaceous, Brazil), are described. They correspond to three individuals represented by fused ischia and part of the ilium, a partial axis, and a right fi bula, respectively. The fossils come from different sites in the municipalities of Ibirá (axis and fi bula) and Monte Alto (ilium and ischia), São Paulo State, from Maastrichtian beds of the São José do Rio Preto and the Marília formations (Bauru Group), respectively. The specimens provide new information on abelisauroids which are still poorly known in the Brazilian fossil record, and on the distribution of this diverse group of theropod dinosaurs in South America. These discoveries indicate that abelisauroids were the most common large predatory dinosaurs in the outcrops where they come from.Ossos isolados de terópodes abelissauroides do Grupo Bauru (Cretáceo Superior), Brasil, são descritos. O material consiste de restos de três indivíduos, um representado pelos ísquios fusionados e parte do ílio, outro por um fragmento de áxis e outro por uma fíbula direita. Os fósseis, oriundos dos municípios de Ibirá (áxis e fíbula) e Monte Alto (ílio e ísquios fusionados), Estado São Paulo, foram descobertos em depósitos maastrichtianos das formações São José do Rio Preto e Marília (Grupo Bauru), respectivamente. Os espécimes fornecem novas informações sobre abelissauroides, ainda são pouco conhecidos no registro fóssil brasileiro, e sobre a distribuição deste grupo diverso de dinossauros terópodes na América do Sul. Estas descobertas indicam que os abelissauroides foram os grandes dinossauros predadores mais comuns nos afl oramentos de onde eles provêm.Fil: Méndez, Ariel Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Novas, Fernando Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Iori, Fabiano V.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasi

La teoría monetaria en Alfred Marshall

Historia del Pensamiento Económico en España. Ernest Lluch I Martín, Pedro Schwartz Girón, Luis Perdices Blas (Eds.): Actas de las III Jornadas de Historia del Pensamiento Económico en España. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de Barcelona. (11-12 de diciembre de 1987)Publicad

Enfoques metodológicos recientes en los manuales de historia del pensamiento económico

Este documento de trabajo tan sólo realiza una posible agrupación de los distintos métodos de enfocar y abordar el estudio e investigación de la historia del pensamiento económico, al tiempo que orienta acerca de los distintos manuales que han salido al mercado en los últimos veinticinco años. La lista de libros que aqui aparece no es, en forma alguna, completa, ni exhaustiva de todo lo que se escribe en esta disciplina. Tan sólo recoge manuales u obras generales y su pretensión no va más allá de la mera representatividad de lo que se viene haciendo en historia del pensamiento económico

Alfred Marshall y el banco central: Política monetaria

Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaComo resultado de sus contribuciones a la teoría monetaria, Alfred Marshall propuso una renovación institucional decisiva dentro del sistema monetario: defendió un sistema de banca central con argumentos más racionales que los de sus predecesores —especialmente Walter Bagehot— y concedió un papel mucho más importante a la autoridad monetaria en el control de la política monetaria (especialmente en la lucha anticíclica). Marshall no contempló el sistema de banco central como «mal menor», sino como uno superior a cualquier plan basado en la convertibilidad para luchar contra los males de la moneda: fluctuaciones de su valor y ciclos del crédito. Sus ideas en política monetaria fueron semilla para las de John Maynard Keynes, y su relevancia sirvió para que las de éste encontrasen el terreno abonado.Based on his contributions to monetary theory, Alfred Marshall expounded on an important institutional innovation in the monetary system: he defended a central bank with more theoretical based arguments than his predecessors did —particularly Walter Bagehot— and he gave a leading role to the monetary authority in managing and controlling monetary policy (especially for countering the cycle). Marshall did not see the central bank system as a «minor evil» but a superior framework —even to any plan based on convertibility— to solve the problem of fluctuations in the value of money and credit cycles. His ideas in monetary policy were the seed for the Cambridge School and their relevance helped to prepare the way for spreading the proposals of John Maynard Keynes about monetary policy.Publicad

Sistema integral de comunicación segura basado en Powerline

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Effects of heavy bosonic excitations on QED vacuum

We discuss the contribution of axion-like excitations (ALE) to the vacuum birrefringence in the limit $m_A \gtrsim \omega$, where $m_A$ is the mass of the excitation and $\omega$ the energy of test photons interacting with an external (intense) magnetic field. The relevance of this term with respect to the QED contribution depends on the ratio $g_A/m_A$ and, from present bounds on the mass and the coupling constant $g_A$, we find that in the present low energy regime, it ranges from $10^{-14}$ to $10^2$ suggesting an interesting alternative to explore.Comment: References adde and section II rewritten. MPLA in pres

Flexible system of multiple RGB-D sensors for measuring and classifying fruits in agri-food Industry

The productivity of the agri-food sector experiences continuous and growing challenges that make the use of innovative technologies to maintain and even improve their competitiveness a priority. In this context, this paper presents the foundations and validation of a flexible and portable system capable of obtaining 3D measurements and classifying objects based on color and depth images taken from multiple Kinect v1 sensors. The developed system is applied to the selection and classification of fruits, a common activity in the agri-food industry. Being able to obtain complete and accurate information of the environment, as it integrates the depth information obtained from multiple sensors, this system is capable of self-location and self-calibration of the sensors to then start detecting, classifying and measuring fruits in real time. Unlike other systems that use specific set-up or need a previous calibration, it does not require a predetermined positioning of the sensors, so that it can be adapted to different scenarios. The characterization process considers: classification of fruits, estimation of its volume and the number of assets per each kind of fruit. A requirement for the system is that each sensor must partially share its field of view with at least another sensor. The sensors localize themselves by estimating the rotation and translation matrices that allow to transform the coordinate system of one sensor to the other. To achieve this, Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm is used and subsequently validated with a 6 degree of freedom KUKA robotic arm. Also, a method is implemented to estimate the movement of objects based on the Kalman Filter. A relevant contribution of this work is the detailed analysis and propagation of the errors that affect both the proposed methods and hardware. To determine the performance of the proposed system the passage of different types of fruits on a conveyor belt is emulated by a mobile robot carrying a surface where the fruits were placed. Both the perimeter and volume are measured and classified according to the type of fruit. The system was able to distinguish and classify the 95% of fruits and to estimate their volume with a 85% of accuracy in worst cases (fruits whose shape is not symmetrical) and 94% of accuracy in best cases (fruits whose shape is more symmetrical), showing that the proposed approach can become a useful tool in the agri-food industry.This project has been supported by the National Commission for Science and Technology Research of Chile (Conicyt) under FONDECYT grant 1140575 and the Advanced Center of Electrical and Electronic Engineering - AC3E (CONICYT/FB0008)