Additional file 1: of New version of the emotion socialization scale with the positive emotion of overjoy: initial validation evidence with Portuguese adolescents

Asymmetry and Kurtosis for Individual Items of ESS by Emotion Socialization Strategy and Emotion (N = 418). (DOCX 20 kb

Example representation of the 3 types of attacks and the 2 outcome measures.

An example representation of the 3 types of attacks (random attack and degree-based normal and cascade attack) and the 2 outcome measures (attack magnitude and attack extension). Attack methods are exemplified by the colored circles, yellow circles represent the cascade attack, orange circles the random attack, and green circles the normal attack. Colored dots represent the average path length of the network after the deactivation of the symptom identified by the attack. The X-axis represents the proportion of nodes deactivated and the Y-axis represents the average path length after each node deactivation.</p

Graphical representation of normal attack magnitude and extension results across the 5 attack conditions.

Graphical representation of normal attack magnitude and extension results across the 5 attack conditions, degree, eigenvector, expected influence 1-step, expected influence 2-step. In each panel result of the Friedman rank-sum test for differences between attack, and conditions are presented on top. The significant differences found between attack conditions, in the Durbin-Conover post-hoc test, are represented by lines between attack conditions and with the Holm corrected p-value above. Only significant differences are represented. Boxplots represent the interquartile range, the median and the outliers for attack magnitude or extension range for each attack condition. Violin plots display the probability density of the data.</p

Graphical representation of cascade attack magnitude and extension results across the 5 attack conditions.

Graphical representation of normal attack magnitude and extension results across the 5 attack conditions, degree, eigenvector, expected influence 1-step, expected influence 2-step. In each panel result of the Friedman rank-sum test for differences between attack, and conditions are presented. The significant differences found between attack conditions, in the Durbin-Conover post-hoc test, are represented by lines between attack conditions and with the Holm corrected p-value above. Only significant differences are represented. Boxplots represent the interquartile range, the median and the outliers for attack magnitude or extension range for each attack condition. Violin plots display the probability density of the data.</p

Descriptive statistics for normal attack.

The network theory of psychopathology suggests that symptoms in a disorder form a network and that identifying central symptoms within this network might be important for an effective and personalized treatment. However, recent evidence has been inconclusive. We analyzed contemporaneous idiographic networks of depression and anxiety symptoms. Two approaches were compared: a cascade-based attack where symptoms were deactivated in decreasing centrality order, and a normal attack where symptoms were deactivated based on original centrality estimates. Results showed that centrality measures significantly affected the attack’s magnitude, particularly the number of components and average path length in both normal and cascade attacks. Degree centrality consistently had the highest impact on the network properties. This study emphasizes the importance of considering centrality measures when identifying treatment targets in psychological networks. Further research is needed to better understand the causal relationships and predictive capabilities of centrality measures in personalized treatments for mental disorders.</div

Graphical representation of the results for network density with 50% of the nodes removed.

Graphical representation of the results for network density with 50% of the nodes removed in normal and cascade attack across the 5 attack conditions, degree, eigenvector, expected influence 1-step, expected influence 2-step. In each panel result of the Friedman rank-sum test for differences between attack, and conditions are presented. The significant differences found between attack conditions, in the Durbin-Conover post-hoc test, are represented by lines between attack conditions and with the Holm corrected p-value above. Only significant differences are represented. Boxplots represent the interquartile range, the median and the outliers for attack magnitude or extension range for each attack condition. Violin plots display the probability density of the data.</p

Participants characteristics.

Network Basic Features. Graphical representation of the comparison between a degree-based normal attack and a degree-based cascade attack for the number of components and the average path length. Graphical representation of the comparison between a degree-based normal attack and a degree-based cascade attack for network density with 50% of the nodes removed. Plots Displaying Attack Results for Each Individual Network. (DOCX)</p

Descriptive statistics for cascade attack.

The network theory of psychopathology suggests that symptoms in a disorder form a network and that identifying central symptoms within this network might be important for an effective and personalized treatment. However, recent evidence has been inconclusive. We analyzed contemporaneous idiographic networks of depression and anxiety symptoms. Two approaches were compared: a cascade-based attack where symptoms were deactivated in decreasing centrality order, and a normal attack where symptoms were deactivated based on original centrality estimates. Results showed that centrality measures significantly affected the attack’s magnitude, particularly the number of components and average path length in both normal and cascade attacks. Degree centrality consistently had the highest impact on the network properties. This study emphasizes the importance of considering centrality measures when identifying treatment targets in psychological networks. Further research is needed to better understand the causal relationships and predictive capabilities of centrality measures in personalized treatments for mental disorders.</div

European Portuguese adaptation and validation of dilemmas used to assess moral decision-making

<div><p>Abstract Objective To adapt and validate a widely used set of moral dilemmas to European Portuguese, which can be applied to assess decision-making. Moreover, the classical formulation of the dilemmas was compared with a more focused moral probe. Finally, a shorter version of the moral scenarios was tested. Methods The Portuguese version of the set of moral dilemmas was tested in 53 individuals from several regions of Portugal. In a second study, an alternative way of questioning on moral dilemmas was tested in 41 participants. Finally, the shorter version of the moral dilemmas was tested in 137 individuals. Results Results evidenced no significant differences between English and Portuguese versions. Also, asking whether actions are “morally acceptable” elicited less utilitarian responses than the original question, although without reaching statistical significance. Finally, all tested versions of moral dilemmas exhibited the same pattern of responses, suggesting that the fundamental elements to the moral decision-making were preserved. Conclusions We found evidence of cross-cultural validity for moral dilemmas. However, the moral focus might affect utilitarian/deontological judgments.</p></div

Supplementary information files for Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey

Supplementary files for article Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Background: Public health recommendations and governmental measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in numerous restrictions on daily living including social distancing, isolation and home confinement. While these measures are imperative to abate the spreading of COVID-19, the impact of these restrictions on health behaviours and lifestyles at home is undefined. Therefore, an international online survey was launched in April 2020, in seven languages, to elucidate the behavioural and lifestyle consequences of COVID-19 restrictions. This report presents the results from the first thousand responders on physical activity (PA) and nutrition behaviours. Methods: Following a structured review of the literature, the “Effects of home Confinement on multiple Lifestyle Behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak (ECLB-COVID19)” Electronic survey was designed by a steering group of multidisciplinary scientists and academics. The survey was uploaded and shared on the Google online survey platform. Thirty-five research organisations from Europe, North-Africa, Western Asia and the Americas promoted the survey in English, German, French, Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese and Slovenian languages. Questions were presented in a differential format, with questions related to responses “before” and “during” confinement conditions. Results: 1047 replies (54% women) from Asia (36%), Africa (40%), Europe (21%) and other (3%) were included in the analysis. The COVID-19 home confinement had a negative effect on all PA intensity levels (vigorous, moderate, walking and overall). Additionally, daily sitting time increased from 5 to 8 h per day. Food consumption and meal patterns (the type of food, eating out of control, snacks between meals, number of main meals) were more unhealthy during confinement, with only alcohol binge drinking decreasing significantly. Conclusion: While isolation is a necessary measure to protect public health, results indicate that it alters physical activity and eating behaviours in a health compromising direction. A more detailed analysis of survey data will allow for a segregation of these responses in different age groups, countries and other subgroups, which will help develop interventions to mitigate the negative lifestyle behaviours that have manifested during the COVID-19 confinement.</div