52 research outputs found
Thermally-induced clumped isotope resetting in belemnite and optical calcites: Towards material-specific kinetics
The application of carbonate clumped isotope (Δ47) thermometry in deep-time is often limited by modification of
the original temperature signal by thermal resetting. New modeling approaches to estimate the initial isotopic
composition of partially reset calcites and maximal burial temperatures, however, open promising avenues in
temperature reconstruction. Such approaches strongly depend on laboratory-derived kinetic parameters of
calcite materials, which may differ in their microstructure, water content and distribution, and minor and trace
element composition, and thus may have different resetting kinetics. The rostra of belemnites, an extinct group of
mollusks with a wide temporal and spatial occurrence in the Mesozoic, have been extensively used for deep-time
paleoclimate reconstructions using oxygen isotope geochemistry. Belemnites are also important targets for
clumped isotope-based temperature reconstructions, but often are found to have reset Δ47 compositions. Here,
we present results from heating experiments on belemnite rostral calcite and optical calcite and provide
belemnite-specific kinetic parameters for clumped isotope resetting. We show that belemnite calcite is altered
faster and at lower temperatures than optical calcite and all other calcites reported in previous studies. We
suggest that fast initial resetting results from oxygen isotope exchange of belemnite calcite with internal skeletal
water present as fluid inclusions or organic-derived water, a process completed within 2–4 min at the experimental
temperatures used here. Extrapolation to geological timescales using different solid-state bond reordering
models shows that belemnite calcite resetting starts at lower burial temperatures than brachiopod, spar, and
optical calcites. This susceptibility to thermal resetting results in a measurable (+3 ◦C) increase of the apparent
Δ47 temperature even under shallow to moderate burial conditions (i.e., 40–50 ◦C for 106–107 years timescales).
Following the overprint to higher apparent Δ47 temperatures during burial, the belemnite Δ47 may further reequilibrate
during exhumation resulting in a decrease of apparent Δ47 temperatures. Such “retrograde resetting”
is similar to what is observed for carbonatites and marbles during cooling, and may cause underestimation
of the thermal resetting a sample experienced during its geological history. Overall, our results demonstrate the
importance of material-specific kinetic parameters and we urge caution when interpreting Δ47-derived temperatures
of biogenic carbonates from deep-time archives.Swiss National Science Foundation
project number 200021_169849AF from Juan de la Cierva
Fellowship (IJC2019040065-I)Spanish Ministry of Science
and InnovationEuropean Development Fund
and the European Social FundThe European
Commission, Horizon 2020 (ICECAP; grant no. 101024218)The
Research Council of Norway Centre of Excellence funding schemeProject number 223272. EBSD data for the WA-CB-11 brachiopod provided
by the authors of Henkes et al. (2014)US National Science Foundation (EAR-1226832
Selectivity Tuning by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Cytinus hypocistis—Studies of Antioxidative, Enzyme-Inhibitive Properties and LC-MS Profiles
In the present study, the extracts of Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L using both traditional solvents
(hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethanol/water, and water) and natural deep
eutectic solvents (NADESs) were investigated in terms of their total polyphenolic contents and antioxidant
and enzyme-inhibitive properties. The extracts were found to possess total phenolic and total
flavonoid contents in the ranges of 26.47–186.13 mg GAE/g and 0.68–12.55 mg RE/g, respectively.
Higher total phenolic contents were obtained for NADES extracts. Compositional differences were
reported in relation to antioxidant potential studied by several assays (DPPH: 70.19–939.35 mg TE/g,
ABTS: 172.56–4026.50 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 97.41–1730.38 mg TE/g, FRAP: 84.11–1534.85 mg TE/g).
Application of NADESs (choline chloride—urea 1:2, a so-called Reline) allowed one to obtain the
highest number of extracts having antioxidant potential in the radical scavenging and reducing
assays. NADES-B (protonated by HCl L-proline-xylitol 5:1) was the only extractant from the studied
solvents that isolated a specific fraction without chelating activity. Reline extract exhibited the
highest acetylcholinesterase inhibition compared to NADES-B and NADES-C (protonated by H2SO4
L-proline-xylitol 5:1) extracts, which showed no inhibition. The NADES extracts were observed to
have higher tyrosinase inhibitory properties compared to extracts obtained by traditional organic
solvents. Furthermore, the NADES extracts were relatively better inhibitors of the diabetic enzymes.
These findings provided an interesting comparison in terms of total polyphenolic content yields,
antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties (cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase, and tyrosinase)
between traditional solvent extracts and NADES extracts, used as an alternative. While the organic
solvents showed better antioxidant activity, the NADES extracts were found to have some other improved
properties, such as higher total phenolic content and enzyme-inhibiting properties, suggesting functional prospects for their use in phytonutrient extraction and fractionation. The obtained results
could also be used to give a broad overview of the different biological potentials of C. hypocistis.National Science Centre, Poland UMO-2018/30/E/ST8/0064
A Review on Tradescantia: Phytochemical Constituents, Biological Activities and Health-Promoting Effects
Tradescantia is a genus of herbaceous and perennial plants belonging to the Commelinaceae family and organized into three infrageneric
classifications and 12 sections. More than 80 species within the genus have been used for centuries for medicinal purposes. Phytochemical
compounds (from various species of the genus) such as coumarins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, steroids and
terpenoids have recently been characterized and described with antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer or antimicrobial
properties. The objective of this review is to describe the different aspects of the genus Tradescantia, including its botanical characteristics,
traditional uses, phytochemical composition, biological activities, and safety aspects
Enhancing the Yield of Bioactive Compounds from Sclerocarya birrea Bark by Green Extraction Approaches
Sclerocarya birrea is a tree indigenous to Southern Africa with significant importance in
rural livelihoods for food, medicine, and carving. The bark, which contains 10–20% tannin, provides
several pharmacological benefits as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-atherogenic,
and antioxidant medication, among others. This study compared different extraction techniques
used to recover bioactive compounds from marula bark. For this purpose, solid–liquid extraction,
supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were performed under
selected conditions, using only “food-grade” solvents. The potential use of the proposed extraction
methodologies was evaluated in term of yield, and the individual phenolic composition determined
by HPLC–ESI–TOF–MS. PLE provided a high extraction yield in all experimental conditions. With
regard to bioactive compounds composition, a total of 71 compounds, a significant percentage of
which in a galloyl form, were distributed in five major categories. The largest number of compounds,
mostly flavonoid aglycones, were extracted by PLE, generally when the extraction was developed
at low temperatures. SFE did prove effective as a way of extracting antidiabetic proanthocyanidins.
Advanced extraction techniques represent a powerful tool to obtain bioactive compounds from
S. birrea bark, which can be used as supplements or food ingredients, promoting the valorization of
this crop.This work was supported by the project AGL2015-67995-C3-2-R (Spanish Ministry of Science and
Innovation) as well as P11-CTS-7625 (Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science) and
The European Social Fund (FSE) for the contract PTQ-13-06429
The Potential Neuroprotective Effect of Cyperus esculentus L. Extract in Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Rats: Extensive Biological and Metabolomics Approaches
The aim of the present study is to investigate the phytochemical composition of tiger
nut (TN) (Cyperus esculentus L.) and its neuroprotective potential in scopolamine (Scop)-induced
cognitive impairment in rats. The UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis enabled the putative annotation of
88 metabolites, such as saccharides, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds and
flavonoids. Treatment with TN extract restored Scop-induced learning and memory impairments. In
parallel, TN extract succeeded in lowering amyloid beta, -secretase protein expression and acetylcholine
esterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampus of rats. TN extract decreased malondialdehyde
levels, restored antioxidant levels and reduced proinflammatory cytokines as well as the Bax/Bcl2
ratio. Histopathological analysis demonstrated marked neuroprotection in TN-treated groups. In
conclusion, the present study reveals that TN extract attenuates Scop-induced memory impairments
by diminishing amyloid beta aggregates, as well as its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic
and anti-AChE activities.Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (MICINN)
Spanish Government FJC2020-044298-
Evaluation of metabolic changes in liver and serum of streptozotocininduced diabetic rats after Mango diet supplementation
Mango consumption has shown bioactive properties against several diseases like diabetes, therefore, we evaluated
how a mango-supplemented diet affects metabolic pathways in diabetic rats. Serum and liver samples were
collected from 26 rats divided into 3 groups (healthy, untreated diabetic and mango-treated diabetic) after
dietary intervention and analysed using an LC-MS untargeted metabolomic strategy. Twenty-six and 29 metabolites
in serum and liver were potentially annotated, showing significant differences among groups. Several
affected pathways were due to the disease state [fatty acids (i.e. palmitoleic, linolenic, stearidonic, eicosapentaenoic,
docosahexaenoic acids and others), bile acids (i.e. glycocholic acid) and amino acids (i.e. leucine,
isoleucine and valine)], and others due to mango supplementation (increased hepatic bioaccumulation of euxanthone,
a mangiferin metabolite, and increased glutathione concentration). These results suggest that a
mango-supplemented diet exerted a significant antioxidant effect in the liver of diabetic rats, likely due to its
phenolic compounds, like mangiferin and its metabolites.The author AFO received support from the Spanish Ministry of
Education, Culture and Sports (FPU grant 14/03992). RCC is thankful
to CIAD-CONACYT for the scholarship received. We thank CONACYTMexico
for financial support of the project Ciencia de la Frontera
(P00054044). This study is considered as part of the collaboration that
ASC and GAG have in the network (ALSUB-CYTED, 118RT0543)
Application of Response Surface Methodologies to Optimize High-Added Value Products Developments: Cosmetic Formulations as an Example
In recent years, green and advanced extraction technologies have gained great interest to
revalue several food by-products. This by-product revaluation is currently allowing the development
of high value-added products, such as functional foods, nutraceuticals, or cosmeceuticals. Among
the high valued-added products, cosmeceuticals are innovative cosmetic formulations which have
incorporated bioactive natural ingredients providing multiple benefits on skin health. In this context,
the extraction techniques are an important step during the elaboration of cosmetic ingredients
since they represent the beginning of the formulation process and have a great influence on the
quality of the final product. Indeed, these technologies are claimed as efficient methods to retrieve
bioactive compounds from natural sources in terms of resource utilization, environmental impact,
and costs. This review offers a summary of the most-used green and advanced methodologies to
obtain cosmetic ingredients with the maximum performance of these extraction techniques. Response
surface methodologies may be applied to enhance the optimization processes, providing a simple
way to understand the extraction process as well as to reach the optimum conditions to increase the
extraction efficiency. The combination of both assumes an economic improvement to attain high
value products that may be applied to develop functional ingredients for cosmetics purposes.Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Enterprise and Universities of Andalusia P18-TP-3589Spanish Government FJC2020-044298-I
CAS21/00532University of Castilla-La Mancha - FEDER funds 2019-PREDUCLM-1107
The Potential of Mangifera indica L. Peel Extract to Be Revalued in Cosmetic Applications
This research was funded by the Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Enterprise,
and Universities of Andalusia grant number P18-TP-3589.
The author A.G.-V. expresses gratitude to the project P18-TP-3589, as well as
to the University of Granada and AGR274 group for her contract. Á.F.-O. would like to thank the
Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Enterprise and Universities of Andalusia for the contract for Young Researchers (PAIDI) at the University of Granada. A.R.-G. would like to thank the
Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities for the grant FPU21/02714. M.d.l.L.C.-G.
thanks her contract RYC2021-032119-I founded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and NextGenerationEU/PRTR. The authors are also grateful to the Company “Grupo Empresarial La Caña”
for ensuring traceability assurance of the samples and for its commitment to the research group
and I+D+i.The constant growth of the cosmetic industry, together with the scientific evidence of the beneficial properties of phytochemicals, has generated great interest in the incorporation of bioactive extracts in cosmetic formulations. This study aims to evaluate the bioactive potential of a mango peel extract for its incorporation into cosmetic formulations. For this purpose, several assays were conducted: phytochemical characterization; total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant potential; free-radical scavenging capacity; and skin aging-related enzyme inhibition. In addition, the extract was incorporated into a gel formulation, and a preliminary stability study was conducted where the accelerated (temperature ramp, centrifugation, and heating/cooling cycles) and long-term (storage in light and dark for three months) stability of the mango peel formulations were evaluated. The characterization results showed the annotation of 71 compounds, gallotannins being the most representative group. In addition, the mango peel extract was shown to be effective against the center dot NO radical with an IC50 of 7.5 mg/L and against the hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase enzymes with IC50 of 27 mg/L and 2 mg/L, respectively. The formulations incorporating the extract were stable during the stability study. The results demonstrate that mango peel extract can be a by-product to be revalorized as a promising cosmetic ingredient.University of GranadaAGR274Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities FPU21/02714MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033NextGenerationEU/PRTR RYC2021-032119-IRegional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Enterprise,
and Universities of Andalusia grant number P18-TP-358
Optimized Extraction of Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids from Lemon Verbena Leaves by Supercritical Fluid System Using Response Surface Methodology
The aim of this work was to optimize the recovery of phenolic compounds from
Lippia citriodora using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). To achieve this goal, response surface
methodology based on a 23
central composite design was used to evaluate the effects of the following
experimental factors: temperature, pressure and co-solvent percentage. The effects of these variables
on the extraction yield and total polar compound contents were evaluated. With respect to the
phytochemical composition, an exhaustive individual phenolic compound quantitation was carried
out by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS to analyze the functional ingredients produced by this system design.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a standardized supercritical fluid process has
been developed to obtain functional ingredients based on phenolic compounds from L. citriodora
in which the individual compound concentration was monitored over the different SFE conditions.
The results enabled the establishment of the optimal technical parameters for developing functional
ingredients and revealed the main factors that should be included in the extraction process control.
This functional food ingredient design could be used as a control system to be applied in nutraceutical
and functional food production industry.Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities
RTI2018-096724-B-C2
Spray-Drying Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds from Lemon Verbena Green Extract
Lippia citriodora has been demonstrated to have a wide variety of phytochemicals which provide benefits to human health acting as antioxidants or anti-obesogenics. In this study, these phytochemicals were recovered using a microwave-assisted technology and applying optimal conditions and microencapsulated using spray drying. In this study, two di erent carbohydrates, maltodextrin (MD) and inulin (IN), were compared as carriers in the encapsulation procedure. The spray drying process was optimized by using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design 22, where air inlet temperature and the sample:encapsulating agent ratio (S:EA) were selected as independent variables. Both designs were analyzed equally to evaluate di erences between each carrying agent on polar compounds’ encapsulation (process yield (Y%), encapsulation e ciency (EE%) and recovery of compounds (R%)) during the spray drying. The EE% and R% of each polar compound was monitored by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer by electrospray interface (HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS). The results showed that the use of IN as a carrier increased the powder recovered and the recovery of polar compounds after the spray dry process, whereas MD achieved a higher encapsulation efficiency.Spanish Government
RTI2018-096724-B-C2
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