Building a Library Without Walls: the Early Years of the Bodleian Library

This chapter exposes the administrative processes involved in the reformation of a major library, that of the library at the University of Oxford which became the Bodleian, in the period between 1605 (when the first printed catalogue was published) and the printed catalogue of 1620. The Bodleian experienced massive growth (three-fold between 1605 and 1620), especially when a copy of all new printed books were sent after the agreement with the Stationer’s Company in 1610. How the catalogue came to represent more than the representation of shelf contents, is discussed. The intellectual processes involved in filling the book shelves, and the attitudes towards book donors, are examined. Important donors from the aristocracy, would be treated differently from, lesser donors such as members of the local gentry. The library was not some neutral ground for the study of knowledge but a place replicating the religious dissensions of the 16th and 17th centuries: Thomas Bodley, who exercised minute control on administrative matters from catalogue descriptions to records of donations, was involved in the confessional conflict and the conflict with Rome was reflected in the importance accorded to works of theology. Politically or theologically sensitive material might be concealed rather than openly integrated into the Library. Thus the authors consider the fate of the Savilian collection in relation to materials associated with the professor of geometry, John Wallis, after the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy. The chapter is the fruit of a methodology using relational databases, to construct a ‘biblio-geography’ –revealing, for example, where shelfmarks have not been altered since the seventeenth century. Books were shifted as they were reclassified. Donors’ copies might be rebound with other materials, or got rid of. A public memorial to the philanthropy of a nobleman might be the brass stamps used to stamp their coats of arms in retrospective binding: this acted as promotion for the Bodleian Library. Sources include Benefactors’ Register which was printed until 1604, and ‘proto-catalogues’ that survive in the archives of the Bodleian, but the authors have taken their study to the level of the books, studying the acquisitions as physical copies to gain information about the provenance of copies from marks, and sampling material that was sold off to college libraries. Thus the life of the ‘private’ book before incorporation is added to an account of how the books were thereafter treated in this ‘public’ library

De l’hétérodoxie à l’orthodoxie : les espaces religieux de George Keith

Tel G. K. Chesterton, George Keith (1639-1716) donne à voir, du fait de ses conversions, la fluidité de la notion d’« orthodoxie » dans le monde britannique. Penseur du quakerisme dans l’Écosse de la Restauration caractérisée par la confrontation entre presbytériens et épiscopaliens, l’auteur définit la voie vers la révélation religieuse comme un voyage spirituel. Cet article se propose justement d’examiner ce voyage spirituel mouvementé en analysant à la fois sa mobilité religieuse (du quakerisme à l’anglicanisme), sa mobilité géographique (de la métropole britannique aux colonies américaines) ainsi que sa mobilité intellectuelle qui l’amène à côtoyer des penseurs aussi influents que William Penn, Henry More ou Gilbert Burnet. Au travers de l’exemple de cette figure marginale, se dessine la complexité d’un monde britannique qui, à la fin du XVIIe siècle, connaît une expansion géographique inédite tout en étant également le théâtre d’une recomposition de son paysage religieux, aux marges comme au centre.Not unlike G. K. Chesterton, George Keith (1639-1716)’s conversions allow us in this paper to demonstrate how fluid the concept of ‘orthodoxy’ was in the English-speaking world. A Quaker thinker and writer, the Scot converted to Quakerism after the Restoration, at a time when Scotland was divided by the conflict between Presbyterians and Episcopalians. He justified this choice by defining religious revelation as a ‘spiritual travel’. This paper examines his own tormented spiritual travel, showing the superposition of his religious mobility (from Quakerism to Anglicanism) to his geographical mobility (from Britain to the American colonies and back), to which is added his intellectual mobility, which brought him into the circles of influential thinkers such as William Penn, Henry More or Gilbert Burnet. Keith, a marginal figure, therefore exemplifies the complexity of the British world which underwent, at the turn of the seventeenth century, a spatial redefinition due to its expansion in the New World and a reshaping of its religious landscape from the centre to the margins

La sculpture monumentale en zinc

The monumental sculpture in zinc Discovered and employed in its state of metal at a very late date in Europe, the zinc has been brought to artistic use only since the beginning of the 19th century. The three-fold production of zinc sculpture includes : zinc sculpture as architectural decoration, independant monuments and sculptures and zincs of art. Several consecutive technical improvements allowed the success of this light and cheap metal which served as substitute for more noble and expansive materials. Germany was the international center of monumental sculpture, while France was specialized in the zinc of art. This metal was also specially promoted in the United States of America. The numerous Universal Exhibitions played a crucial role for the realization of sculptures in zinc. Thus the most important ensemble of zinc sculptures known and presevered in France, was realized for the roof of the Petit Palais during the Universal Exhibition in 1900 in Paris. Nevertheless, unable to grant everlastingness, zinc fell into discredit about 1930.Ferlier Ophélie. La sculpture monumentale en zinc. In: Histoire de l'art, N°57, 2005. Sculptures. pp. 93-104

Entre nostalgie et utopie. Réalités architecturales et artistiques aux XIXe et XXe siècles. Études réunies par Jean-Michel Leniaud. Extrait de la Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, t. 163, première livraison, 2005

Ferlier Ophélie. Entre nostalgie et utopie. Réalités architecturales et artistiques aux XIXe et XXe siècles. Études réunies par Jean-Michel Leniaud. Extrait de la Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, t. 163, première livraison, 2005. In: Livraisons d'histoire de l'architecture, n°11, 1er semestre 2006. pp. 154-155

La trop discrète Harmonie de François Jouffroy sur la façade de l'Opéra (1869)

« Die allzu unauffällige Harmonie Francis Jouffrovs an der Fassade der Pariser Oper (1869) », von Ophélie Ferlier Der Bildhauer Jouffroy, in den Salons prämiert, Mitglied des Institut, Offizier der Légion d'Honneur, Lehrer an der École des Beaux-arts war zu seinen Lebzeiten sehr anerkannt und bekam mehrmals öffentliche Aufträge. Zu den berühmtesten gehort das Gruppenbild l'Harmonie, welches die Fassade der Oper von Charles Gamier schmückt, neben Werken von Jean-Joseph Perraud, Eugène Guillaume, und insbesondere neben demTanz von Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux. Die Gleichgültigkeit des Publikums und der Kritik gegenuber dem Gruppenbild Jouffroys lässt sich zweifellos dadurch erklären, dass es einfach zu nahe an dem Tanz von Carpeaux steht, welcher die allgemeine Aufmerksamkeit auf sich konzentriert. Dennoch hait sich Jouffroy viel mehr als Carpeaux an Garniers Anforderungen : er liefert sein Werk rechtzeitig, respektiert vor allem das Gesamtschema des Architekten und integriert seine Gruppe klassizistischer Allegorien in die Fassadenordnung der Oper. Dieses Werk, das Rücksicht auf die Umgebung und den Gesamtbau nimmt, bietet ein interessantes Beispiel der Symbiose zwischen Architektur und Skulptur."The most unobtrusive Harmony by François Jouffroy on the façade of Paris Opera (1869)", by Ofélie Ferlier. Awarded at the Paris Salon, elected a member of the Institut de France, an officier of the Legion of Honour, appointed professor at the Ecole des Beaux-arts, Jouffroy is highly regarded as a sculptor in his lifetime, with numerous public commissions. One of the most prestigious is the Harmony, a sculptural group decorating the façade of the new Paris Opera by Charles Gamier, along with sculptures by Jean-Joseph Perraud, Eugène Guillaume and above all the Dance by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux. To some extent, the indifference displayed by the public and the critic towards Jouffroy's group is certainly due to the nearness of the Dance which focuses everyone's attention. Nonetheless, Jouffroy conforms much more to Garnier's requirements than Carpeaux does : his group is delivered on time ; above all, he respects the overall pattern desired by the architect and makes his group of classicizing allegories fit die façade of the Opera. Him taking into account the context, die whole building, makes it an example of symbiosis between architecture and sculpture.« La trop discrète Harmonie de François Jouffroy sur la façade de l'Opéra (1869) », par Ophélie Ferlier. Primé aux Salons, membre de l'Institut, officier de la Légion d'honneur, professeur à l'École des beaux-arts, Jouffroy est un sculpteur reconnu de son vivant, bénéficiant de nombreuses commandes officielles et monumentales. L'une des plus prestigieuses en est l'Harmonie, groupe sculpté ornant la façade de l'Opéra de Charles Garnier, aux côtés de sculptures de Jean-Joseph Perraud, d'Eugène Guillaume, et surtout de La Danse de Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux. Une large part de l'indifférence affichée par le public et les critiques à l'encontre du groupe de Jouffroy est sans doute due à cette proximité avec La Danse, centre de toutes les attentions. Néanmoins, Jouffroy se conforme bien plus que Carpeaux aux exigences de Garnier : il livre son groupe dans les temps impartis, mais surtout respecte le schéma général de l'architecte et insère son groupe d'allégories dassicisantes dans la façade de l'Opéra. Cette prise en compte de l'environnement, de l'ensemble du bâtiment, en font un exemple de symbiose entre architecture et sculpture.Ferlier Ophélie. La trop discrète Harmonie de François Jouffroy sur la façade de l'Opéra (1869). In: Livraisons d'histoire de l'architecture, n°12, 2e semestre 2006. pp. 43-57

Contribution a l'étude bibliographique des affections du pancréas exocrine chez le chat

Les affections du pancréas exocrine sont sous estimées dans l'espèce féline du fait du manque de spécificité des signes cliniques et des difficultés du diagnostic. Celui-ci est souvent fait à l'autopsie. Parmi les méthodes de diagnostic, les plus intéressantes sont l'échographie, la laparotomie/laparoscopie et le test fTLI, ce dernier n'étant pas encore disponible en France. La biopsie permet le diagnostic de certitude. Les affections du pancréas exocrine sont énumérées ci-dessous par ordre de fréquence décroissante. Les pancréatites félines évoluent le plus souvent sur un mode chronique. Elles sont généralement idiopathiques et sont souvent associées à d'autres affections (affections hépatiques, gastrointestinales et rénales ; diabète sucré). Le traitement est basé sur une fluidothérapie et des mesures diététiques. Le pronostic de ces affections est réservé. Les adénocarcinomes du pancréas exocrine sont des tumeurs hautement malignes pour lesquelles il n'existe pas de traitement curatif. La principale cause de l'insuffisance pancréatique exocrine (IPE) est la pancréatite chronique. L'IPE est une affection de bon pronostic avec un traitement adéquat et en l'absence de complications. Les autres affections du pancréas exocrine sont très rares. Il s'agit d'affections congénitales, acquises (séquelles de pancréatites en particulier), parasitaires et infectieuses.NANTES-Ecole Nat.Vétérinaire (441092302) / SudocSudocFranceF

Regulation of Gene Expression in Cancer—An Overview

Regulation of gene expression takes a central place in normal cells to maintain tissue homeostasis but also in cancer cells to respond to intra- and extra-cellular stimuli, such as therapeutic drugs [...

Pollution profile and biodegradation characteristics of fur-suede processing effluents

This study investigated the effect of stream segregation on the biodegradation characteristics of wastewaters generated by fur-suede processing. It was conducted on a plant located in an organized industrial district in Turkey. A detailed in-plant analysis of the process profile and the resulting pollution profile in terms of significant parameters indicated the characteristics of a strong wastewater with a maximum total COD of 4285 mg L-1, despite the excessive wastewater generation of 205 m(3) (ton skin)(-1). Respirometric analysis by model calibration yielded slow biodegradation kinetics and showed that around 50% of the particulate organics were utilized at a rate similar to that of endogenous respiration. A similar analysis on the segregated wastewater streams suggested that biodegradation of the plant effluent is controlled largely by the initial washing/pickling operations. The effect of other effluent streams was not significant due to their relatively low contribution to the overall organic load. The respirometric tests showed that the biodegradation kinetics of the joint treatment plant influent of the district were substantially improved and exhibited typical levels reported for tannery wastewater, so that the inhibitory impact was suppressed to a great extent by dilution and mixing with effluents of the other plants. The chemical treatment step in the joint treatment plant removed the majority of the particulate organics so that 80% of the available COD was utilized in the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) test, a ratio quite compatible with the biodegradable COD fractions of tannery wastewater. Consequently, process kinetics and especially the hydrolysis rate appeared to be significantly improved.Corlu Leather Industrial Organized DistrictThe support provided the management of Corlu Leather Industrial Organized District for the study and the technical assistance of Professor Ozlem Karahan and Asli Ciggin in the experimental work are gratefully acknowledged

Transcriptomic evidence for tumor-specific beneficial or adverse effects of TGFβ pathway inhibition on the prognosis of patients with liver cancer

International audienceTherapeutic targeting of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway in cancer represents a clinical challenge since TGFβ exhibits either tumor suppressive or tumor promoting properties, depending on the tumor stage. Thus, treatment with galunisertib, a small molecule inhibitor of TGFβ receptor type 1, demonstrated clinical benefits only in subsets of patients. Due to the functional duality of TGFβ in cancer, one can hypothesize that inhibiting this pathway could result in beneficial or adverse effects depending on tumor subtypes. Here, we report distinct gene expression signatures in response to galunisertib in PLC/PRF/5 and SNU-449, two cell lines that recapitulate human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with good and poor prognosis, respectively. More importantly, integrative transcriptomics using independent cohorts of patients with HCC demonstrates that galunisertib-induced transcriptional reprogramming in SNU-449 is associated with human HCC with a better clinical outcome (i.e., increased overall survival), while galunisertib-induced transcriptional reprogramming in PLC/PRF/5 is associated with human HCC with a worse clinical outcome (i.e., reduced overall survival), demonstrating that galunisertib could indeed be beneficial or detrimental depending on HCC subtypes. Collectively, our study highlights the importance of patient selection to demonstrate a clinical benefit of TGFβ pathway inhibition and identifies Serpin Family F Member 2 (SERPINF2) as a putative companion biomarker for galunisertib in HCC