Post-primary education in West Ham, 1918-39.

This thesis is concerned with post-primary education in West Ham 1918-39, with particular reference to secondary education. The realities of local educational experience are set against a background of educational acts an economies. The economic difficulties of the 1920s and the Depression of the 1930s were keenly felt in West Ham despite the efforts of the predominantly Labour council to mitigate poverty. A gap sometimes existed between the educational opportunities Labour councillors wished to provide and those they were able to provide. Generally a pragmatic approach was taken and certainly a secondary education was not seen as essential for all. Chapter One outlines West Ham's pre-1918 history and growth with reference to local politics and immigrant and religious groupings. West Ham's interwar history is told in greater detail. Chapter Two relates the difficulties encountered by the West Ham Education Committee in its decision to establish compulsory continuation schools, not least from the parents of West Ham. West Ham was one of the few areas in the country which succeeded in implementing compulsory continuation education albeit for a limited period. A section on technical education is also included in this chapter, although detailed treatment is hampered by a scarcity of records. Chapter Three examines West Ham's secondary school scholarships in the context of the national situation. West Ham's higher elementary/central school scholarships are subjected to the same scrutiny. Each of West Ham's secondary schools shared a broadly similar curriculum and ethos. Chapter Four highlights these similarities but also points out differences. Of the five interwar secondary schools, two catered for girls, one for boys and two were mixed. Two of the secondary schools were Catholic institutions, although both accepted non-Catholic pupils. Three of the schools were aided and two municipal. A section is included on West Ham's higher elementary/central schools but records are less full than those for the secondary schools. Chapter Five compares and contrasts West Ham's interwar secondary school system with that in East Ham, its sister borough. Chapter Six discusses both the economic and cultural factors underlying local attitudes to post-compulsory schooling. The main conclusions drawn relate to these attitudes which militated against any easy acceptance of such education as necessarily beneficial

States of a hypothetical network with three genes.

<p>The binary values correspond to activation levels of these genes. (a) The three states on the left are transient and of Type 1. The state with self loop is steady and Type 0. (b) The four states in simple loop are cyclic steady states and they are of Type 1. (c) The leftmost state is transient and Type 1. Even though only is of Type 2 (others are Type 1), the remaining five states create a complex loop, and thus they are transient.</p

The comparison of our algorithm with an existing method, Genysis [18], [19],on real and random networks.

1<p>We used a cut-off time of 24-hours and “-” indicates that the method could not find all steady states within this time. denotes seconds and denotes minutes.</p>2<p>Running time of our algorithm when 90% of the steady states are found with 90% confidence.</p>3<p>Running time of our algorithm when 80% of the steady states are found with 80% confidence.</p

Convergence of the estimators for the steady state profiles of the genes.

<p>These genes are a selected subset of the genes of <i>p53 network</i> of <i>Homo Sapiens </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007992#pone.0007992-Ogata1" target="_blank">[46]</a>. Y-axis shows for each gene the fraction of steady states that the gene is in active state.</p

Summary of the traversal process for a randomly picked state from unobserved Type 1 states.

<p>If the path starting from a ends at , , or , then all the states on this path are transient (Step 2(i) of Algorithm 1). If the path starting from ends at a state like then all the states on the path from to are transient (excluding ) and all the states on the cycle from to are steady.</p

Genomic Interaction Profiles in Breast Cancer Reveal Altered Chromatin Architecture

<div><p>Gene transcription can be regulated by remote enhancer regions through chromosome looping either in <i>cis</i> or in <i>trans</i>. Cancer cells are characterized by wholesale changes in long-range gene interactions, but the role that these long-range interactions play in cancer progression and metastasis is not well understood. In this study, we used <i>IGFBP3</i>, a gene involved in breast cancer pathogenesis, as bait in a 4C-seq experiment comparing normal breast cells (HMEC) with two breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, an ER positive cell line, and MDA-MB-231, a triple negative cell line). The <i>IGFBP3</i> long-range interaction profile was substantially altered in breast cancer. Many interactions seen in normal breast cells are lost and novel interactions appear in cancer lines. We found that in HMEC, the breast carcinoma amplified sequence gene family (<i>BCAS</i>) 1–4 were among the top 10 most significantly enriched regions of interaction with <i>IGFBP3.</i> 3D-FISH analysis indicated that the translocation-prone <i>BCAS</i> genes, which are located on chromosomes 1, 17, and 20, are in close physical proximity with <i>IGFBP3</i> and each other in normal breast cells. We also found that epidermal growth factor receptor (<i>EGFR),</i> a gene implicated in tumorigenesis, interacts significantly with <i>IGFBP3</i> and that this interaction may play a role in their regulation. Breakpoint analysis suggests that when an <i>IGFBP3</i> interacting region undergoes a translocation an additional interaction detectable by 4C is gained. Overall, our data from multiple lines of evidence suggest an important role for long-range chromosomal interactions in the pathogenesis of cancer.</p></div

Common <i>trans</i> interactions among all samples.

<p>Common <i>trans</i> interactions among all samples.</p

<i>IGFBP3</i> interacts with <i>BCAS</i> genes.

<p>A, Representative triple labeled 3D-FISH, z-axis projection images of <i>IGFBP3, BCAS3, BCAS4</i> (left) and <i>IGFBP3, BCAS3, BCAS1</i> (right). Scale bar  = 10 µm. B, Percentage of nuclei with the listed pair of gene loci within 1 micron of each other. Distances were measured between the closest two foci in each nucleus.</p

Intrachromosomal interaction profile of <i>IGFBP3</i>.

<p>A, Spider plot showing the significant long-range interactions of the <i>IGFBP3</i> enhancer across chromosome 7 for a window size of 100 consecutive restriction fragments in HMEC (blue), MDA-MB-231 (red), and MCF7 (green). Mb position is plotted. Tick marks on chromosome 7 represent gene locations with positive strand genes on top and negative strand genes on bottom. B, Domainograms illustrating the significance of intrachromosomal interactions for window sizes ranging from 3 to 200 consecutive fragments for each cell line. The color represents −log(p-value) of the calculated significance score ranging from black (not significant) to white (most significant). The gray region corresponds to the centromere of chromosome 7, which lacks HindIII cut sites.</p

Interaction frequency of <i>IGFBP3</i> with the breast cancer related gene <i>EGFR</i> by 3D-FISH.

<p>A, 3D-FISH labeling of breast cancer related loci in HMEC, MCF7, MDA-MB-231. BAC probe combinations: <i>IGFBP3</i> (green) and <i>EGFR</i> (red) n = 50, DAPI DNA stain (blue), boxes in lower right corner contain a magnified view of each interaction. Scale bar  = 10 µm. B, Cumulative percentage of distances between <i>IGFBP3</i> and <i>EGFR</i> loci. Distances were measured between the closest two foci in each nucleus. C, qRT-PCR: RNA levels of <i>EGFR</i> measured in MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and HMEC cells. Expression in cancer lines plotted as fold change relative to HMEC. Data represent the SEM of three independent biological replicates.</p