Typology of the Confrontation of Iranian Society after Mongols’ Invasion

Entering Islamic territories in 616 AH, Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, caused outstanding changes in social and political occasions. Political, social and economic outcomes of this invasion were so highlighted that Islamic era in Iran is divided to two main times, i.e. pre and post Mongol raid eras. Those changes were so effective that diverted many social manifestations and basics of Iranian Islamic society. Of course, not all the changes could be causes by Mongols’ invasion, and Mongols’ raid was one side of the coin. The other side of those changes was made by Iranians themselves, no matter intentionally or by force, to keep their social lives. All those changes, which caused basic movements in Iranian society, could be referred as “Social Reversal” in Iran after Mongol invasion. Iranian society showed three types of reactions to this social reversal: cooperation, silence and opposition. Those who opposed had two approaches, i.e. Saver-oriented movements and Fatian movements. Saver-oriented movements could be divided to three groups: Factitious Jalal-e-dins, Factitious Mahdies and those who expected Abbasid Kalifah come back again and save them. The three last mentioned saver-oriented movements all believed there will be a saver who will appear and will save all from oppression and outrage and inequity and finally all of them failed to turn into thorough movement due to lack of a coherent framed thought base and school. On the other hand, Fatian movement, which enjoyed a cohesive rulebook and statute and was backed by Iranian elites, could afford more effective successes and became one of the main factors of Ilkhanid internal breakdown and then collapse

Improved Event Mixing for Resonance Yield Extraction

Resonance particles, such as the K*(892) meson, are reconstructed from the invariant mass (M i n v ) distribution of possible particle pairs. To extract the yield with the highest precision, the combinatorial background must be determined as precisely as possible. An event-mixed M i n v distribution is often used to describe the combinatorial background. However, this distribution will not contain the mini-jet-like structures present inside an event. This analysis introduces a new re-weighing scheme, where two M i n v distributions of like-sign particles in the same-event and in mixed-events are used to correct the mixed-event background estimate for the mini-jet-like structure. Using PYTHIA 8.2 generated proton-proton collisions at s NN = 5.02 TeV, it is shown that the new method can be used to more accurately describe the combinatorial background

The Shape of Strangeness: Transverse Spherocity and Underlying Event studies of ϕ\phi and its relation to Ξ\Xi in s=13\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV pp collisions

Through ultrarelativistic particle collisions at the LHC, it is possible to deconfine quarks and gluons. This deconfinement gives rise to a strongly interacting medium, referred to as the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). One of the earliest proposed and observed signatures of the QGP was the enhanced production of strange hadrons since the medium can thermally produce strange quarks. However, recent studies in small systems, such as proton--proton (pp) and proton-lead (pPb) collisions, have exhibited similar features. These findings are quite puzzling, as the formation of a QGP in these small collision systems challenges current theoretical frameworks. In this Thesis, I present two different studies on the production of $\phi$ mesons, in relation to $\Xi$ baryons, in pp collisions at \s = 13 TeV, measured with the ALICE apparatus. Both of these studies aim to investigate the origin of strange hadron enhancement in high-multiplicity pp collisions. First, I report measurements of $\phi$ production as a function of the event-shape observable Unweighted Transverse Spherocity, $S_{\rm O}^{p_{\rm T}=1}$. With $S_{\rm O}^{p_{\rm T}=1}$, it is possible to categorize events by their azimuthal topology. I utilize $S_{\rm O}^{p_{\rm T}=1}$ to contrast particle production in collisions dominated by many soft initial interactions, with collisions dominated by a single hard scattering. I find that strangeness enhancement is prominent in soft, isotropic topologies, whereas events with di-jet topologies showcase a clear suppression of strange particles. The second study presents the production of $\phi$ mesons and $\Xi$ hadrons as a function of the Relative Transverse Activity $R_{\rm T}$. With $R_{\rm T}$, one can control the size of the Underlying Event (UE). By varying $R_{\rm T}$, it is therefore possible to study the interplay between particle production from hard fragmentation in jets, and soft particles produced by the UE. The reported results suggest that strange particle production is mainly a feature of the UE. When put together, the two studies suggest that high-multiplicity pp collisions are in general dominated by soft physics, which is also responsible for the strangeness enhancement, while high-multiplicity events dominated by hard physics are rare outliers

Stylistics of Nafthat ol-Masdur by Zeidari Nasvi

AbstractStructuralism theory is accepted as one of the most effective theories in the current century.   This theoryâs final goal is to discover the hidden secret and linguistic aspects of a literary work via structural elements of a work based on this theory. In structural analysis of a work, implications beyond the text are not important and just the text is considered, and also the meaning is wanted from the structure. According to this theory, the current essay tries to study the structure and the interactions of the numerous elements in Nafthat ol-Masdur from three points of view: content, lingual technic and form, to achieve the hidden layers of the writers mind patterns. Besides these internal elements, two external elements, i.e. social and political structure and the writerâs taste and thought are considered. The fiction-narrative pattern of Nafthat ol-Masdur is analyzed with biographical content of this work as well. Nafthat ol-Masdur is a major historical book which is written by Zidari Nasvi, one of the great authors of 7th century. It is the description of hardships of Sultan Jalal od-Din Khwarazmshah. The author also describes his own hardships in the book. The content of the book is historic-autobiography which is explained in literary-artistic form. The author has adopted fictional-narrative form for his writing and with his subtle and precise viewpoint illustrates the governing policy of the society of his time and speaks the issues of the government. Nafthat ol-Masdur is a narrative story in which the narrator -the author- recounts the events with general overview; events which he had witnessed himself and were tied to his emotions and feelings. He expresses his internal reflections in a descriptive-narrative method. The book is skillfully written in figurative prose and it is decorated with the diverse literal and semantic figures and arrays. Using words with compound and derivative structures, especially for verbs, is one of the morphological features of the book. But, heavy and formal sentence structure is a syntactic feature of Nafthat ol-Masdur. Verbosity of the author, redundancy and using scientific terms affected the style, morphology and syntax of his language. One of the salient features of the book is the use of expressive and innovative arrays by which the author has decorated his prose. Although it tends towards sophistication and formality, the author narrates the story with their mask. Recognition which is the most vivid and dynamic metaphor, is a prominent feature of the book; namely, literal arrays by which the author in addition to aesthetic measures, has highlighted the language. However, the story is event-driven. Sometimes, he describes and illustrates the characters in such a way that it becomes character-driven. One of the issues that is very prominent in characterization of Nafthat ol-Masdur is the offensive attack to the negative characters of the story. The scenery in Nafthat ol-Masdur is a real description as if the audience or the reader is present in the scene. Zidari has coordinated the moods of sadness, joy, fear and panic in each part with the events and incidents of the story. One of the story-telling tools is the narrator being the first-person with prolocutor and narrative style that recounts the events. The author with a general view which is called âbird-like viewâ opens up and illustrates his memories. The most important motifs of his story can be noted as escape and evasion, treachery, mean-breeding of the time, gratitude and loyalty to the masters, conflict, dispute and the description of hardships. Nafthat ol-Masdur has a story frame; the author is quite familiar with scribing and teaching words and it is possible to find out the style and manner of teachers of that time from his writings; the style and manner which preserves the concept of redundancy. Nested tales are also seen in Nafthat ol-Masdur so that sometimes they disrupt the sequence of the events. The author, in accordance with the society and the available prose, adopted the mix of Arabic and Persian prose and this is one of the effects of socio-political structure on his prose. The presence of different social classes in his book reflects the interaction between literature and society.ReferencesAhmadi, Babak (2009). Creation and Beauty: Hermeneutics and Aesthetic Queries; 5th ed., Tehran: Markaz press.---------------------(2009). Structure and Interpretation of the text, 10th ed., Tehran: Markaz press.Alavi Moghadam, Mahyar (1998). 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Case Report-Delayed cholangitis due to a retained T-tube fragment

Biliary drainage with T-tube after bile duct exploration has some advantages. However, the use of T-tube is associated with significant complications. Retained T-tube fragment is a rare complication after biliary surgery. We present an unusual case of delayed cholangitis resulting from a retained T-tube fragment and common bile duct stones, occurring four years after previous bile duct exploration in the case of colon cancer. We recommend early removal of a missing fragment to avoid potential serious complications

Therapeutics for Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is an umbrella term used to describe ulcers in the nonglandular squamous and glandular mucosa, terminal esophagus, and proximal duodenum. Gastric ulcers in the squamous and glandular regions occur more often than esophageal or duodenal ulcers and likely have a different pathogenesis. At present, omeprazole is accepted globally as the best pharmacologic therapy for both regions of the stomach; however, the addition of coating agents and synthetic prostaglandins could add to its effectiveness in treatment of EGUS. Dietary and environmental management are necessary for prevention of recurrence

Polymer-Modified Bitumen Production Based on Performance Grade for Application in Different Zones of Iran

Due to performance grade  )PG) zonation of different parts in Iran and poor properties of 60/70 penetration grade bitumens for pavement applications, suitable  polymer modifed  bitumen was  produced.  To  fulfll  this  purpose, different PMBs samples were produced using 60/70 penetration grade bitumen and  various  percentages  of VB  (20  and  25%), with  different  percentages  of  SBS Calprene C501  (  4,  4.5,  5  and  5.5%),  in  a  high  shear  homogenizer  in  1  h mixing time at 160°C temperature. To determine the performance grade, aging effect, low temperature performance and rheological properties such as evaluation of rutting and fatigue factors some SHRPs measurements )DSR, RV, RTFOT, PAV and BBR) were conducted. The results showed that the sample with 5.5% SBS with 20 and 25% VB, at high temperatures presented good properties such as: the best performance grade )76°C), the highest resistance and elastic behavior in comparison with the other samples. These samples were subjected to rutting and fatigue tests for both aged bitumen in RTFOT and unaged bitumen. The results indicated that adding SBS to bitumen could not improve the performance at low temperatures, compared to 60/70 grade  bitumen,  but  it  did  improve  the  properties  of  polymer-modifed  bitumen  at similar  low  temperature (-18°C). So, samples with 4, 4.5 and 5% SBS with 20 and 25% VB, are suitable to be applied in provinces which 60/70 grade bitumens are not suitable. In some provinces such as Khoozestan, with a PG of 76, the compositions  with 5.5% SBS with 20 and 25% VB, are found to be suitable