Fig 1 -

Colony size (A), mite wash (B) and estimated total phoretic mite infestation in colonies (C) headed by treatment (GG) and control (AA) queens at the beginning of the beehive trial. The mean of each data set is represented by a horizontal bar.</p

Fig 2 -

Colony size (A), mite wash (B) and estimated total phoretic mite infestation in colonies (C) headed by treatment (GG) and control (AA) queens at about 10 weeks of the beehive trial. The mean of each data set is represented by a horizontal bar. Asterisks indicate significance between genotypes (*P<0.05).</p

The weight of supers at the end of the 10-week trial.

(DOCX)</p

Total mite infestation of colonies headed by treatment (GG) and control (AA) queens at the end of the beehive trial.

The mean of each data set is represented by a horizontal bar. Asterisks indicate significance between genotypes (*P<0.05).</p

Arbitrary concentrations (mean+sem) of MyoD, Myf5 and Myogenin mRNA in the <i>B. femoris</i> muscles of <i>Mstn</i>(−/−) and wild-type mice during seven days of unloading and seven days of reloading (n = 6 per genotype and day).

<p>Asterisks denote differences between genotypes on days shown (*<i>P</i>&lt;0.05, **<i>P</i>&lt;0.01 and ***<i>P</i>&lt;0.001). Unlike letters denote significant differences (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) across days (independent of genotype).</p

The amount of 4E-BP1 bound to eIF4E.

<p>(A) Representative western blots of 4E-BP1 bound to eIF4E and (B) the ratio (mean+sem) of 4E-BP1 bound to isolated eIF4E purified by an m⁷GTP-sepharose pull-down assay in the <i>gastrocnemius</i> muscle of <i>Mstn</i>(−/−) and wild-type mice (n = 6 per genotype and day) before and after two days of unloading. There were main effects of day (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) and genotype (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05), but no day × genotype interaction.</p

Body mass (mean+sem) for <i>Mstn</i>(−/−) and wild-type mice during seven days of unloading followed by seven days of reloading (n = 6 per genotype and day).

<p>Unlike letters denote significant differences (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) across days (independent of genotype).</p

Muscle mass (mean+sem) expressed as a percent of the initial body mass at d0 for <i>Mstn</i>(−/−) and wild-type mice at days 0, 2 and 7 of unloading and days 8, 10 and 14 of reloading.

<p>The asterisks denote differences from d0 within genotype at the days noted (*<i>P</i>&lt;0.05, **<i>P</i>&lt;0.01 and ***<i>P</i>&lt;0.001). The asterisks (**<i>P</i>&lt;0.01) in the data for soleus indicates that muscle mass has been lost equally from both genotypes at d7. EDL = <i>Extensor digitorum longus</i>, Gast = <i>gastrocnemius</i>, Quad = <i>Quadriceps femoris</i>.</p

Changes in the composition of MyHC and the cross-sectional area of muscle fibres.

<p>(A) Representative gels stained with coomassie blue showing the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) protein isoforms in the <i>B. femoris</i> muscle of <i>Mstn</i>(−/−) and wild-type mice during seven days of unloading and seven days of reloading. A mixture of 1∶1 <i>soleus</i> and <i>Extensor digitorum longus</i> served as a ladder. (B) The change (mean+sem) in the relative abundance of type IIb MyHC protein in the <i>B. femoris</i> muscles is shown for <i>Mstn</i>(−/−) and wild-type mice (n = 6 per genotype and day) during seven days of unloading and seven days of reloading. There were main effects of day (<i>P</i>&lt;0.001) and genotype (<i>P</i>&lt;0.01), but no day×genotype interaction. Asterisks denote significant differences between genotypes (*<i>P</i>&lt;0.05, **<i>P</i>&lt;0.01). (C) Cross-sectional area (mean+sem) of myofibres in the <i>gastrocnemius</i> muscle of <i>Mstn</i>(−/−) and wild-type mice during seven days of unloading and seven days of reloading. The cross-sectional area was significantly reduced in both genotypes at d7 (P&lt;0.05), before being restored to pre-unloading areas at d14. Asterisks denote significant differences between genotypes (***<i>P</i>&lt;0.001). Unlike letters denote significant differences (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) across days (independent of genotype).</p

Arbitrary concentrations (mean+sem) of LC3b, Gabarapl1 and Atg4b mRNA in the <i>B. femoris</i> muscles of <i>Mstn</i>(−/−) and wild-type mice during seven days of unloading and seven days of reloading (n = 6 per genotype and day).

<p>The asterisks denote differences between genotypes on days shown (**<i>P</i>&lt;0.01, ***<i>P</i>&lt;0.01). Unlike letters denote significant differences (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) across days (independent of genotype).</p