Deep White Matter Microstructure for Each Group.

<p>Tracts shown use colour to represent the overall microstructure for each tract within each group. White = Normal, Yellow = Abnormal, Red = Damaged. Tracts Legend. AF = Arcuate Fasciculus, SLF = Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus, Cing = Cingulate, ILF = Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus, IFO = Inferior Frontal Occipital fasciculus, ATR = Anterior Thalamic Radiation, UF = Uncinate Fasciculus.</p

Individual Deep White Matter Tractography Group Comparisons.

<p>Legend. AF = Arcuate Fasciculus, SLF = Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus, Cing = Cingulate, ILF = Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus, IFO = Inferior Frontal Occipital fasciculus, ATR = Anterior Thalamic Radiation, UF = Uncinate Fasciculus; Hemi DWM = total left and right Deep White Matter, it is the result of the individual white matter tracts combined for each hemisphere; FA = Fractional Anisotropy; AD = Axial Diffusivity; RD = Radial Diffusivity; R = Right; L = Left.</p><p>*Significant FDR corrected results are in <b>BOLD</b>.</p><p>Individual Deep White Matter Tractography Group Comparisons.</p

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients and control subjects.

<p>Legend. HD = Huntington's disease; Pre-HD = gene-positive, without motor symptoms; SD = standard deviation; df = degrees of freedom; CAG, trinucleotide repeat number; MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; UHDRS = Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale; TFC = Total Functional Capacity; NA = Not Available;</p>††<p>T-student, Bonferroni correction.</p>a<p>Pre-HDb</p><p>Pre-HD>HD (when referred to a cognitive scale comparison, higher punctuations mean lesser impairment).</p><p>*MMSE: Missing data for 5 Pre-HD & 5 HD subjects.</p><p>*UHDRS Motor: Missing data for 2 Pre-HD & 2 HD subjects.</p><p>*UHDRS Cognitive: Missing data for 5 Pre-HD & 2 HD subjects.</p><p>*UHDRS Behavioral: Missing data for 4 Pre-HD & 2 HD subjects.</p><p>*UHDRS Functional: Missing data for 2 Pre-HD & 2 HD subjects.</p><p>*TFC: Missing data for 2 Pre-HD & 2 HD subjects.</p><p>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients and control subjects.</p

Total Deep White Matter Tractography Group Comparisons.

<p>Legend. FA = Fractional Anisotropy; AD = Axial Diffusivity; RD = Radial Diffusivity. (AD/RD Mean units: 10⁻³ mm²/s, R2* (10⁻³ mm¹/s).</p><p>*Significant FDR corrected results are in <b>BOLD</b>.</p><p>Total Deep White Matter Tractography Group Comparisons.</p

Total Deep White Matter Tractography and Group Comparison.

<p>Bar graphs show differences between Total Deep White Matter FA, AD, RD, and Iron. The error bars represent the Standard Error Mean (SEM). Legend. FA = Fractional Anisotropy; AD = Axial Diffusivity; RD = Radial Diffusivity. (AD/RD Mean units: 10⁻³ mm²/s, R2* (10⁻³ mm¹/s). * Significant difference between Pre-HD and Controls+ Significant difference between Pre-HD and HD.</p

eNOS phosphorylation in platelets from HD patients and healthy controls.

<p><b>(A)</b> Representative immunoblotting of eNOS phosphorylation at serine residue 1177 in platelets and densitometric analysis for p-eNOS⁽¹¹⁷⁷⁾ and eNOS (left) and for eNOS and β-actin (right). <b>(B)</b> Bar graph showing endothelial NOS activity in platelets from early (I-II) and late (III-IV) stage HD patients and healthy controls. Young Ctrl n = 5; Old Ctrl n = 4; Early stage n = 9; Late stage n = 9. Data are shown as mean ± SD. *, <i>p</i> <0.05. (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post test). F  = 8.766; df = 26.</p

Demographic and clinical data of healthy controls and HD patients.

<p>Values are given as mean ± s.d.; TFC: Total Functional Capacity, score 13-0.</p

Vasorelaxant response to supernatants derived from insulin-stimulated platelets of HD patients.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Dose–response curves of phenylephrine-precontracted aorta rings to supernatants derived from insulin-stimulated and unstimulated platelets isolated from control subjects untreated and pre-treated with L-NAME. * indicates statistical significance of either Ctrls vs L-NAME-treated Ctrls or vs unstimulated samples. Ctrl n = 4; L-NAME-treated Ctrls n = 4; Unstimulated n = 4. (<b>B</b>) Dose–response curves of phenylephrine-precontracted aorta rings to supernatants derived from insulin-stimulated platelets isolated from early HD patients and young control subjects. Young Ctrl n = 13; Early HD n = 8. (<b>C</b>) Dose–response curves of phenylephrine-precontracted aorta rings to supernatants derived from insulin-stimulated platelets isolated from late HD patients and old control subjects. * indicates statistical significance of old Ctrl vs late HD. Old Ctrl n = 6; Late HD n = 7. (<b>D</b>) Dose–response curves of phenylephrine-precontracted aorta rings to supernatants derived from platelets isolated from Old control subjects and late HD patients untreated and pre-treated with TEMPOL before insulin stimulation. Old Ctrl n = 3; Late HD plus Tiron n = 4. * indicates statistical significance of old Ctrl vs late HD stages treated and untreated with TEMPOL. Values are shown as mean± SEM. *, <i>p</i><0.05; **, <i>p</i> <0.001; ***, <i>p</i> <0.0001. <b>(</b>Two-way ANOVA followed Bonferroni post-test<b>).</b></p

Corpus Callosum Tract Measures by Diagnosis.

<p>Bar graphs show differences between CC FA, AD, and RD for the whole CC and the seven components of the CC as defined by the tract target region. The error bars represent the Standard Error Mean (SEM). Tracts: Whole corpus callosum (CC); orbital frontal (OF), anterior frontal (AF), superior frontal (SF), superior parietal (SP), posterior parietal (PP), temporal (Temp), and occipital (Occ).</p

Tractography Group Comparisons.

<p>HD = Huntington’s disease; Pre-HD = gene-positive, without motor symptoms.</p><p><b>In bold:</b> significant results after correction for multiple comparisons (FDR p<0.05).</p