Regression analysis of target velocity and BOLD.

<p>The table shows the results of regression analysis of the velocity on the BOLD signal (Blood Oxygen Level Dependency) in patients and healthy subjects. The significance threshold was set at T = 3.5, family wise error correction (FWE) and small volume correction (SVC) of 10 mm sphere, t-values and P-values are depicted, and x, y and z (mm) refer to the coordinates defined by the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI).</p

Activated regions revealed by the ANOVA and the regression analysis.

<p>Red or blue blobs in the ANOVA represent the calculated main effect (patients > controls and vice versa). For both contrasts family wise error correction at the p = 0.05 level was applied; Condition A: continuous target presentation, Condition B: target blanking. Bottom: Exemplarily the cerebellum during condition B is depicted.</p

Categorical comparison of SCA17 patients and healthy controls.

<p>Categorical comparison of SCA17 patients and healthy controls.</p

Multiple regressions with abnormal CAG repeat length.

<p>Multiple regressions with abnormal CAG repeat length.</p

Demographic and clinical data in SCA17 patients.

<p><b>Abbr.:</b> DD, Disease Duration; ICARS, International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.</p

Means and standard error of mean (SEM) percentages for correct word-pairs recalls during the SRTT processing, in training and retrieval sessions.

<p>Differences between both sessions are also shown.</p

Mean reaction times in msec (+/− SEM) for the three time-points of assessment of SRTT performance: Training 1, Training 2 and Retrieval.

<p>For each group, block number and property are reported. “delta” indicates the differences between mean reaction times in the fixed and in the following random sequence blocks.</p

Descriptive statistics and post-hoc analyses of SRTT performance across Training 1 and Training 2 and across Training 2 and Retrieval, for all groups.

<p>Beside mean and standard error of mean (SEM), the results of paired-sample <i>t</i>-tests are presented (t = t-value, p = significance value, d = Cohen’s d). In the last row, the <i>Group</i> x <i>Training</i> and <i>Group</i> x <i>Retrieval</i> interactions from the respective separate ANOVAs are reported.</p

Graph of SRTT performance gains across the three time-points of assessment.

<p>Delta means improvement in SRTT performances (in msec) for the four groups during the Training session (left graph) and in the Retrieval session compared to Training 2 (right graph).</p

Experimental procedure.

<p>The experiment consisted of a <i>Training</i> followed by a <i>Retrieval</i> session. Sleep group (<i>SG</i>), nighttime-awake group (<i>NA</i>) and daytime-awake group (<i>DA</i>) performed a dual task (concomitant SRTT and WPAT; upper part). The daytime-awake-subsequent-WPAT group (<i>DAs</i>) performed a single task (SRTT alone then followed by the WPAT; lower part). <i>Training session (left part)</i>. SRTT was arranged in blocks (in yellow), for which the trial sequence was <i>fixed</i>, followed by blocks (in green) with <i>random</i> sequences of trials. Numbers in the bottom mark block’s position in the general sequence whereas, numbers on the top indicate the number of trials administered within each block. “Practice” (light blue) indicates the initial practice block, which was not included in the analyses. The WPAT (distractor task) was continuously performed throughout the entire SRTT session. The first and the last fixed sequence blocks (i.e.: block 2 and block 6), followed by the random sequence block 3 and 7, respectively were considered to investigate changes in performance across <i>Training</i>. For clarity, block 2 and block 3 were labeled as “Training 1” whereas block 6 and block 7 were labeled as “Training 2”. The difference between mean RTs to random and sequential blocks was the dependent variable being analyzed. <i>Retention interval between training and retrieval sessions (middle part)</i>. The sleep group slept the two nights after <i>Training</i> before doing <i>Retrieval</i> in the morning. The nighttime-awake group, instead, stayed awake throughout the first night after <i>Training</i> and slept the second night. The daytime-awake group trained in the morning and was retested in the evening of the same day during which they stayed awake. <i>Retrieval session (right part)</i>. Block 9 (fixed trial sequence) and block 10 (random trial sequence) were labeled as <i>Retrieval</i>. The same random minus fixed block difference as in the training session was taken to investigate the RT performance. The task was immediately followed by one bock (in purple) in which a generation task was administered.</p