Perspective socio-économique des politiques publiques encourageant l’usage raisonné des antibiotiques en élevage.

International audienceAntimicrobial use (AMU) in animal agriculture unavoidably leads to the selection of resistant bacteria,potentially transmitted to humans. To address this public health threat, international and national publicpolicies are implemented, but very few have been assessed neither ex ante nor ex post. In thisperspective, we first discuss economic approaches regarding AMU. We then discuss the potentialeconomic and social effects of regulatory policy instruments as well as voluntary approachesimplemented to achieve a reduction of AMU.L’usage des antibiotiques (UAB) en santé animale comme en santé humaine entraine la sélection debactéries résistantes. Leur transmission à l’homme par contact direct ou via la chaine alimentaireconstitue un risque de santé public, qui a conduit à la mise en place de politiques publiques visant àréduire l’UAB. Toutefois, les évaluations socio-économiques de ces politiques sont quasi absentes.Dans cet article, nous proposons de discuter en premier lieu comment l’UAB peut être envisagé sous unangle économique, puis nous abordons comment les politiques publiques, réglementaires ouvolontaires, peuvent contribuer à la réduction de l’UAB en productions animales, en passant en revueleurs performances sociales et économiques

Selective attention impairment in Schizophrenia: can it explain source monitoring failure?

This is a non-final version of an article published in final form in Journal of Nervous & Mental DiseaseInternational audienceImpairments in selective attention have been proposed as an explanation for the source monitoring deficits in schizophrenia. We tested this hypothesis by examining correlations between source monitoring variables and a measure of selective attention (from the Stroop Test) in 54 individuals with schizophrenia subjects and 42 normal controls. We did not find significant correlations between source monitoring measures and selective attention. Selective attention impairments do not explain source monitoring deficits observed in schizophrenia. Source monitoring deficits deserve continued efforts to elucidate their causes and consequences

Mémoire de source – présentation générale et revue des études dans la schizophrénie. [Source monitoring: general presentation and review of literature in schizophrenia]

International audienceSOURCE MONITORING FRAMEWORK: Source monitoring refers to the ability to remember the origin of information. Three source monitoring processes can be distinguished: external source monitoring, internal or self-monitoring and reality monitoring (i.e. discrimination between internal and external sources of information). Source monitoring decisions are based on memory characteristics recorded such as perceptions, contextual information or emotional reactions and heuristic or more controlled judgement processes. BRAIN STRUCTURES: Several studies suggested that specific structures in the prefrontal and the mediotemporal lobes are the main areas implicated in source monitoring. ASSESSMENT: A typical source monitoring paradigm includes an items generation stage and a second stage of recognition of items (old versus new) and identification of their sources: external (usually the examiner) or internal (the subject). Several indices can be calculated based on the raw data such as the number of false alarms, attribution biases or discrimination indexes. To date, there is no standardized source monitoring task and differences in the type of items used (words, pictures), in the cognitive or emotional effort involved or in the delay between the two test stages, contribute to the heterogeneity of results. FACTORS INFLUENCING SOURCE MONITORING: Factors such as age (either very young or very old) and emotions influence source monitoring performances. Influence of gender was not properly explored, whereas the role of IQ and selective attention is still debated. SOURCE MONITORING DEFICITS IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS: Source monitoring deficits are observed mainly in disorders affecting frontotemporal areas, such as frontal trauma, Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal dementia. SOURCE MONITORING AND SCHIZOPHRENIA: Source monitoring errors (e.g. external misattribution of self-generated information) are observed in schizophrenia and seem to correlate with positive symptomatology, in particular auditory hallucinations, thought intrusion and alien control symptoms. These results are of particular interest in clinical research because source monitoring is one of the rare cognitive tests showing a correlation with the positive dimension. Source monitoring deficits have been proposed as a potential explanation for the positive symptoms and some, but not all studies lent support to this hypothesis. Heterogeneity of studied samples, in particular different criteria to define hallucinating subjects (e.g. currently versus anytime during their lives), could explain the discordant results. SOURCE MONITORING IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS WITHIN THE SCHIZOPHRENIC SPECTRUM: Source monitoring impairments were observed in pharmacological models of psychosis, in first degree relatives of schizophrenic patients, and also in the general population associated with schizotypal dimensions. These results support a relationship between source monitoring deficits and some of the symptomatic dimensions of the schizophrenic spectrum but still await replication. SOURCE MONITORING AND OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: Some studies found source monitoring deficits in other psychiatric conditions such as mania or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Thus, those studies suggest that source monitoring deficits may be not specific to schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: Source monitoring competencies are critical for good (i.e. adapted) everyday functioning. Source monitoring deficits have been suggested as a potential explanation for some (or all) positive psychotic symptoms. However, to date, methodological inconsistencies (especially with regard to test design and choice of subjects' samples) have precluded firm, definite conclusions