Tuneable properties of boron-doped diamond working electrodes and their advantages for the detection of pesticides

Abstract Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is a versatile carbon material widely utilized in electroanalysis for detecting various organic compounds. In comparison to commonly employed carbon electrode materials, BDD possesses interesting and unique properties. This review article explores important role of adjustable - tuneable BDD characteristics, including boron concentration, sp³/sp² carbon ratio, and surface treatments, in the electrochemical determination of pesticides. Through an intricate interplay of these properties, BDD’s performance in term of sensitivity, selectivity, and resistance to fouling can be optimized. Notably, the exceptional potential window of BDD electrodes extends the detection capabilities into regimes where other materials falter due to oxygen evolution reactions. Furthermore, in the reduction potential range, BDD electrodes (BDDE) offer a safer alternative to toxic mercury-based electrodes. Despite the considerable progress, gaps remain in understanding the comprehensive effects of tuneable BDDE properties on pesticide analysis. Comparative studies exploring the interplay between these properties and their impact on detection, particularly in multianalyte systems and under challenging conditions, are crucial. Addressing issues related to matrix interference and fouling would contribute significantly to the development of robust pesticide sensors. This review provides insights into the critical role of BDD’s properties in pesticide detection and highlights avenues for future research