Less Is Not More: Evidence of Mere Proximity in \u3ci\u3eState v. Gurske\u3c/i\u3e Does Not Render the Defendant Armed under Washington\u27s Deadly Weapon Special Verdict Statute

In State v. Gurske, Division III of the Washington State Court of Appeals affirmed the application of Washington State\u27s Deadly Weapon Special Verdict statute to Samuel Gurske\u27s conviction for possession of methamphetamine. The Deadly Weapon Special Verdict statute enhances the sentence of a defendant who commits a crime while armed with a deadly weapon. In Gurske, the parties stipulated that a backpack holding Gurske\u27s pistol and drugs lay within arm\u27s reach of the driver\u27s position. From this fact, the trial judge determined that Gurske was armed while he was in possession of methamphetamine. Under Washington State Supreme Court precedent, however, a court must apply two tests in constructive possession cases like Gurske to determine whether the defendant is armed. First, the weapon must be easily accessible and readily available for use (the easily accessible test). Second, there must be a nexus between the weapon and the defendant (weapon-defendant nexus) and between the weapon and the crime (weapon-crime nexus). The Gurske court determined that Gurske\u27s proximity to the weapon satisfied the easily accessible test. Again relying on the proximity between the defendant, the weapon, and the drugs, the Gurske court determined that proximity also satisfied the nexus test. Although proximity may satisfy the easily accessible test and the weapon-defendant nexus, a plurality of the Washington State Supreme Court in State v. Schelin explicitly required more than proximity to satisfy the weapon-crime nexus. According to Schelin, courts should consider three factors: the nature of the crime, the type of weapon, and the circumstances under which police discovered the weapon. These three factors identify evidence that may permit an inference that a defendant used a weapon in furtherance of the commission of a crime. Assuming that the State also presented evidence satisfying the easily accessible test and the weapon-defendant nexus, the addition of this inference establishes a defendant as armed. In light of the three Schelin factors, the Gurske evidence does not support the inference that Gurske used the weapon in furtherance of his drug crime. The trial judge, therefore, mistakenly found a weapon-crime nexus, and Division III erroneously affirmed the trial judge\u27s application of the sentence enhancement. On appeal, the Washington State Supreme Court should reverse the application of the Deadly Weapon Special Verdict statute to Gurske\u27s conviction for possession of methamphetamine

Seasonal influences on immunological parameters in HIV-infected homosexual men: searching for the immunomodulating effects of sunlight

In view of the capacity of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to induce suppression of various immunological parameters and to enhance the viral replication of HIV, we investigated whether seasonal influences on immunological parameters that are relevant for HIV infection could be identified. As the sunny season is associated with high levels of ambient UVR, a decline of immunological parameters and an increase of the HIV viral load during the summer months might ensue. We analysed the immunological data of the HIV-infected homosexual men who participated in the Amsterdam Cohort Study on HIV infection and AIDS (1984-1996; n = 556). The effect of season on the individual development of various immunological parameters in time was examined by means of a random effects model for repeated measurements. Lower levels in the mean number of CD4+ T cells and the mean CD4+/CD8+ ratio were found during summer and spring, respectively (P = 0.0001/0.0001). For the CD8+ T cells, high mean values were observed both in April and September (P = 0.0001). The highest T-cell reactivity values were found during the summer (P = 0.0001). No effect of season on the viral load was established. The seasonal effect on CD4+ T cells seemed to be more pronounced at a more advanced stage of the HIV infection. It is concluded that the lower CD4+ T-cell counts during summer support the notion that solar UVR may have a suppressive effect on the cellular immunity of HIV-infected persons. However, whether this observation can be attributed to the effect of ambient UVR solely is questionable, as the other immunological parameters follow different seasonal courses and other reports suggest that both internal and environmental factors influence immunological parameter