Revisiting the nexus between financial agglomeration and energy efficiency: A spatial spillover approach

Financial agglomeration (FA) may play an essential role in enhancing energy efficiency (EE) and, thus, is important from both theoretical and empirical viewpoints. However, few studies have investigated the causal nonlinear relationship between FA and EE. Hence, we first extend the novel ray slacks-based measure with global technology to evaluate the urban EE in China during 2003–2018. Next, we reexamine the nonlinear causality of FA on EE and then explore the underlying impact mechanism. The empirical results show that China’s urban EE is generally relatively low with distinct patterns of regional differences. Moreover, we find that the causal relationship between FA and EE follows an inverted U-shaped function rather than a linear one. FA promotes the improvement of EE only up to a certain threshold point, after which it reverses into an inhibitory effect. A further analysis based on the two-regime spatial Durbin panel model suggests that FA can indeed improve the EE of surrounding cities through positive externalities when the degree of FA in focal cities is not substantially greater than that in surrounding cities. However, when financial resources absorbed in certain focal cities become increasingly higher than that in most surrounding cities, the positive spillover effect would gradually disappear and even reverse into an undesirable siphon, thereby inhibiting the improvement of overall EE. These findings provide new insights for understanding the role of FA in sustainable development.</p

Additional file 1 of A humanized 4-1BB-targeting agonistic antibody exerts potent antitumor activity in colorectal cancer without systemic toxicity

Additional file 1: Fig. S1 The interaction model between 4-1BB and HuB6 Fab. One copy of the complex is composed of chain A and chain E and F. Chain D interacts with chain B’ and C’ in another asymmetric unit form another copy with the same mode as chain B and C. 4-1BB is in blue and orange, HuB6 Fab H chain is in red, green, cyan and magenta. 4-1BB and HuB6 Fab in another asymmetric unit are in grey. Fig. S2 The dependence on FcγR of the 4-1BB agonist activity. CD8 + T cells were cocultured with CHO-K1 cells expressing different FcγRs and treated with HuB6, utomilumab, urelumab or IgG control for 3 days in a CO2 incubator at 37 °C. After incubation, the secreted IFN-γ and IL-2 levels in the cell supernatants were determined by ELISA. Fig. S3 Tumor photos of the MC38 and CT26 model mice. a the tumors of MC38 and CT26 model mice treated with the three doses of HuB6. b the tumors of MC38 and CT26 model mice treated with the three 4-1BB agonistic mAbs. Fig. S4 Hematoxylin and eosin staining for major organs of the mice treated with HuB6. Major organs included heart, liver, lung, kidney and spleen

Additional file 1 of Mesenchymal stromal cells plus basiliximab improve the response of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease as a second-line therapy: a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial

Additional file 1. Protocol for the prevention of infections