3,123 research outputs found
Long noncoding RNAs in prostate cancer: overview and clinical implications.
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer mortality among men in the United States. While many prostate cancers are indolent, an important subset of patients experiences disease recurrence after conventional therapy and progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is currently incurable. Thus, there is a critical need to identify biomarkers that will distinguish indolent from aggressive disease, as well as novel therapeutic targets for the prevention or treatment of CRPC. In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as an important class of biological molecules. LncRNAs are polyadenylated RNA species that share many similarities with protein-coding genes despite the fact that they are noncoding (not translated into proteins). They are usually transcribed by RNA polymerase II and exhibit the same epigenetic signatures as protein-coding genes. LncRNAs have also been implicated in the development and progression of variety of cancers, including prostate cancer. While a large number of lncRNAs exhibit tissue- and cancer-specific expression, their utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is just starting to be explored. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the functional role and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in the progression of prostate cancer and evaluate their use as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets
Quantized Compressed Sensing for Partial Random Circulant Matrices
We provide the first analysis of a non-trivial quantization scheme for
compressed sensing measurements arising from structured measurements.
Specifically, our analysis studies compressed sensing matrices consisting of
rows selected at random, without replacement, from a circulant matrix generated
by a random subgaussian vector. We quantize the measurements using stable,
possibly one-bit, Sigma-Delta schemes, and use a reconstruction method based on
convex optimization. We show that the part of the reconstruction error due to
quantization decays polynomially in the number of measurements. This is in line
with analogous results on Sigma-Delta quantization associated with random
Gaussian or subgaussian matrices, and significantly better than results
associated with the widely assumed memoryless scalar quantization. Moreover, we
prove that our approach is stable and robust; i.e., the reconstruction error
degrades gracefully in the presence of non-quantization noise and when the
underlying signal is not strictly sparse. The analysis relies on results
concerning subgaussian chaos processes as well as a variation of McDiarmid's
inequality.Comment: 15 page
Lepton-Jet Correlations in Deep Inelastic Scattering at the Electron-Ion Collider.
We propose the lepton-jet correlation in deep inelastic scattering as a unique tool for the tomography of nucleons and nuclei at the electron-ion collider (EIC). The azimuthal angular correlation between the final state lepton and jet depends on the transverse momentum dependent quark distributions. We take the example of single transverse spin asymmetries to show the sensitivity to the quark Sivers function. When the correlation is studied in lepton-nucleus collisions, transverse momentum broadening effects can be used to explore cold nuclear matter effects. These features make lepton-jet correlations an important new hard probe at the EIC
Collins azimuthal asymmetries of hadron production inside jets
We investigate the Collins azimuthal asymmetry of hadrons produced inside
jets in transversely polarized proton-proton collisions. Recently, the quark
transversity distributions and the Collins fragmentation functions have been
extracted within global analyses from data of the processes semi-inclusive deep
inelastic scattering and electron-positron annihilation. We calculate the
Collins azimuthal asymmetry for charged pions inside jets using these
extractions for RHIC kinematics at center-of-mass energies of 200 and 500 GeV.
We compare our results with recent data from the STAR Collaboration at RHIC and
find good agreement, which confirms the universality of the Collins
fragmentation functions. In addition, we further explore the impact of
transverse momentum dependent evolution effects.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, expanded version published in PL
FASER: ForwArd Search ExpeRiment at the LHC
New physics has traditionally been expected in the high- region at
high-energy collider experiments. If new particles are light and
weakly-coupled, however, this focus may be completely misguided: light
particles are typically highly concentrated within a few mrad of the beam line,
allowing sensitive searches with small detectors, and even extremely
weakly-coupled particles may be produced in large numbers there. We propose a
new experiment, ForwArd Search ExpeRiment, or FASER, which would be placed
downstream of the ATLAS or CMS interaction point (IP) in the very forward
region and operated concurrently there. Two representative on-axis locations
are studied: a far location, from the IP and just off the beam
tunnel, and a near location, just from the IP and right behind
the TAN neutral particle absorber. For each location, we examine leading
neutrino- and beam-induced backgrounds. As a concrete example of light,
weakly-coupled particles, we consider dark photons produced through light meson
decay and proton bremsstrahlung. We find that even a relatively small and
inexpensive cylindrical detector, with a radius of and
length of , depending on the location, can discover dark photons
in a large and unprobed region of parameter space with dark photon mass and kinetic mixing parameter . FASER will clearly also be sensitive to many other forms of
new physics. We conclude with a discussion of topics for further study that
will be essential for understanding FASER's feasibility, optimizing its design,
and realizing its discovery potential.Comment: 35 Pages, 12 figures. Version 2, references added, minor change
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Genomic biomarkers in prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer among men in the United States. In the last decade there has been a rapid expansion in the field of biomarker assays for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment prediction in prostate cancer. The evidence base for these assays is rapidly evolving. With several commercial assays available at each stage of the disease, deciding which genomic assays are appropriate for which patients can be nuanced for physicians. In an effort to help guide these decisions in clinical practice, we aim to give an update on the current status of the biomarker field of prostate cancer
Three-Body Decays of Sleptons with General Flavor Violation and Left-Right Mixing
We determine the widths of three-body decays of sleptons, ,
in the presence of arbitrary slepton flavor violation and left-right mixing.
These decays are important in scenarios in which the lightest supersymmetric
particle is the gravitino, a generic possibility in models with gauge- and
gravity-mediated supersymmetry breaking. Three-body decays have been discussed
previously assuming flavor conservation and left-right mixing in only the stau
sector. Flavor violation and general left-right mixing open up many new decay
channels, which provide new avenues for precision mass measurements and may
play an essential role in solving the standard model flavor problem. We present
results for toy models with two-generation mixing, and discuss the
implementation of these results in SPICE, a program that simplifies collider
event simulations of flavor-violating supersymmetric models.Comment: 25 pages, 5 figures; v2: published versio
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