Influence of combined silencing of <i>p21</i> and HPV18 <i>E6/E7</i> expression on the senescent phenotype of HPV-positive cancer cells.

<p><b>(A)</b> qRT-PCR analysis of HPV18 <i>E6/E7</i> (left panel) and <i>p21</i> (right panel) mRNA expression, 72 h after transfection of HeLa cells with the indicated siRNAs or in mock-treated cells. mRNA levels were normalized to <i>ACTB</i> and calculated relative to the mock control. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 2 or 3). Asterisks above columns indicate statistically significant differences between the indicated treatments (p ≤ 0.05 (*), p ≤ 0.01 (**)). <b>(B)</b> Immunoblot analysis of HPV18 E7, p53, and p21 protein levels, 72 h after transfection of HeLa cells with the indicated siRNAs or upon mock-treatment. α-Tubulin: loading control. <b>(C + D)</b> Cell cycle distribution analyzed by FACS, 72 h after transfection of HeLa cells with the indicated siRNAs or upon mock treatment. Percentage of cells in the G₁, S and G₂ cell cycle phases are indicated. Representative samples of one experiment are shown as well as a summary of multiple biological replicates. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). <b>(E)</b> HeLa cells were stained for expression of the senescence marker SA-β-Gal, 168 h after transfection with the indicated siRNAs. Visualization by bright field microscopy.</p

Dependence of Intracellular and Exosomal microRNAs on Viral <i>E6/E7</i> Oncogene Expression in HPV-positive Tumor Cells

<div><p>Specific types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause cervical cancer. Cervical cancers exhibit aberrant cellular microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns. By genome-wide analyses, we investigate whether the intracellular and exosomal miRNA compositions of HPV-positive cancer cells are dependent on endogenous <i>E6/E7</i> oncogene expression. Deep sequencing studies combined with qRT-PCR analyses show that <i>E6/E7</i> silencing significantly affects ten of the 52 most abundant intracellular miRNAs in HPV18-positive HeLa cells, downregulating miR-17-5p, miR-186-5p, miR-378a-3p, miR-378f, miR-629-5p and miR-7-5p, and upregulating miR-143-3p, miR-23a-3p, miR-23b-3p and miR-27b-3p. The effects of <i>E6/E7</i> silencing on miRNA levels are mainly not dependent on p53 and similarly observed in HPV16-positive SiHa cells. The <i>E6/E7</i>-regulated miRNAs are enriched for species involved in the control of cell proliferation, senescence and apoptosis, suggesting that they contribute to the growth of HPV-positive cancer cells. Consistently, we show that sustained <i>E6/E7</i> expression is required to maintain the intracellular levels of members of the miR-17~92 cluster, which reduce expression of the anti-proliferative <i>p21</i> gene in HPV-positive cancer cells. In exosomes secreted by HeLa cells, a distinct seven-miRNA-signature was identified among the most abundant miRNAs, with significant downregulation of let-7d-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-378a-3p, miR-423-3p, miR-7-5p, miR-92a-3p and upregulation of miR-21-5p, upon <i>E6/E7</i> silencing. Several of the <i>E6/E7</i>-dependent exosomal miRNAs have also been linked to the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis. This study represents the first global analysis of intracellular and exosomal miRNAs and shows that viral oncogene expression affects the abundance of multiple miRNAs likely contributing to the <i>E6/E7</i>-dependent growth of HPV-positive cancer cells.</p></div

HPV oncogenes control <i>p21</i> expression at multiple levels.

<p>E6 can repress <i>p21</i> transcription at the promoter level by inducing the degradation of the <i>p21</i> transcriptional activator p53; sustained <i>E6/E7</i> expression maintains the concentration of miR-17 family members in HPV-positive cancer cells which repress <i>p21</i> expression by targeting the <i>p21</i> mRNA; the E7 protein can directly bind to the p21 protein and inhibit its function.</p

Intracellular analyses of the HPV16 E6/E6APpep and HPV16 E6/pep11** interactions.

<p>(<i>A</i>) Mammalian two-hybrid analyses in HeLa cells expressing individual peptides, as indicated, linked to GAL4-BD, and wt HPV16 E6 linked to the VP16-AD. pep11**m does not bind to HPV16 E6 and served as a negative control. Shown are relative activities of the co-transfected luciferase reporter plasmid under transcriptional control of GAL4-binding sites above those of control-transfected cells (expressing corresponding peptide-GAL4-BD fusions together with empty control vector pACT; values arbitrarily set at 1.0). Results were obtained from three individual experiments, each performed in duplicates. Standard deviations are indicated. Asterisks above horizontal lines indicate statistically significant differences from pACT-transfected cells, with p-values of ≤0.001 (***). (<i>B</i>) and (<i>C</i>) Mutational analyses of HPV16 E6 to identify amino acid residues that contribute to E6APpep (<i>B</i>) or pep11** (<i>C</i>) binding. The luciferase signal for the interaction of wt HPV16 E6 with E6APpep or pep11** was set at 100% (left columns in (<i>B</i>) and (<i>C</i>), respectively). The horizontal line indicates 1.5-fold inhibition. Individual amino acid exchanges are indicated below each column. Error bars indicate standard deviation values. (<i>D</i>) Statistical analysis of the differential binding behaviour of HPV16 E6 mutants 16E6R55A and 16E6Y70A. The values for the interaction between wt HPV16 E6 protein with E6APpep or pep11**, respectively, were set at 100%. Asterisks above the horizontal lines indicate statistically significant reductions of luciferase activities, with p-values of ≤0.01 (**) or ≤0.001 (***). Error bars indicate standard deviation values.</p

NMR analyses of the HPV16 E6/E6APpep and HPV16 E6/pep11** interactions.

<p>(<i>A</i>) ¹H,¹⁵N SOFAST-HMQC spectra of 100 µM ¹⁵N E6 F47R 4C/4S samples in the absence (black spectra) and presence of 1∶1 stoichiometric ratios (cyan and red spectra) of unlabeled E6APpep (upper panel) or pep11** (lower panel). Cyan spectra were recorded immediately after peptide addition (t = 0 h), whereas red spectra were recorded after 3 h of incubation in the presence of the peptide. Note that in the case of spectra of E6/pep11** samples some signals have lower intensity in the red spectrum than in the cyan spectrum (see enlarged view of lower panel). This decrease in signal intensity is concomitant with the appearance of a white precipitate of E6 in the NMR tube. (<i>B</i>) pep11** induced E6 aggregation monitored by the decrease of the intensity of the W132 indole cross-peak. Intensity changes are expressed as a I_bound/I_ref ratio, where I_bound is the cross-peak intensity in the peptide-bound spectra and I_ref the cross-peak intensity in the reference (unbound) spectrum. W132 indole intensities were derived from ¹H,¹⁵N SOFAST-HMQC spectra recorded at regular time intervals on three different samples containing ¹⁵N labeled E6 F47R 4C/4S and unlabeled pep11** mixtures with concentration ratios adjusted to 1∶0.5 (gray diamonds), 1∶1 (cyan squares) and 1∶2 (green triangles). E6 concentrations in all three samples were adjusted to 100 µM. X-axis error bars correspond to the duration of the NMR experiment (i.e. error bar: 15 min), whereas y-axis error bars report on the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in the reference spectra, which, in this case, is expressed as the inverse of the S/N for sake of clarity (i.e. error bar: ± I_noise/I_ref). Estimates of the noise were obtained using the program NMRpipe <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112514#pone.0112514-Delaglio1" target="_blank">[32]</a>.</p

Inhibition of endogenous HPV16 <i>E6/E7</i> expression: Effects on selected intracellular miRNAs.

<p><b>(A)</b> Immunoblot analysis of HPV16 E7, HPV16 E6, p53 and p21 protein levels, 72 h after transfection of SiHa cells with si16E6/E7 or control siRNA (siContr-1), or upon mock treatment. α-Tubulin: loading control. <b>(B)</b> qRT-PCR analyses of ten selected cellular miRNAs, 72 h after transfection of SiHa cells with si16E6/E7 or siContr-1. Cellular miRNA levels were normalized to the snRNA <i>RNU6–2</i> and calculated relative to siContr-1 (log₂ display). Dashed lines: 1.5-fold up- or downregulation (log₂(1.5) = 0.585). Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05 (*) and p ≤ 0.01 (**)).</p

Effects of the p53 status on the <i>E6/E7</i>-dependent modulation of intracellular miRNAs.

<p><b>(A)</b> qRT-PCR analysis of HPV18 <i>E6/E7</i> (left panel) and <i>p21</i> (right panel) mRNA expression, 72 h after transfection of parental or “p53-null” HeLa cells with si18E6/E7, control siRNA (siContr-1), or upon mock treatment. mRNA levels were normalized to <i>ACTB</i> and calculated relative to the mock control (mock). Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). Asterisks above columns indicate statistically significant differences from siContr-1-treated cells (p ≤ 0.05 (*), p ≤ 0.001 (***)). <b>(B)</b> Immunoblot analysis of HPV18 E6, p53 and p21 protein levels, 72 h after transfection of parental or “p53-null” HeLa cells with si18E6/E7 or siContr-1, or upon mock treatment. α-Tubulin: loading control. <b>(C)</b> qRT-PCR analyses of selected cellular miRNAs, 72 h after transfection of parental or “p53-null” HeLa cells with si18E6/E7 or siContr-1. miR-34a-3p, positive control miRNA (p53-inducible). Cellular miRNA levels were normalized to snRNA <i>RNU6–2</i> and calculated relative to siContr-1 (log₂ display). Dashed lines: 1.5-fold up- or downregulation (log₂(1.5) = 0.585). Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05 (*), p ≤ 0.01 (**) and p ≤ 0.001 (***)).</p

Effects of miRNAs of the miR-17~92 cluster on <i>p21</i> expression in HeLa cells.

<p><b>(A)</b> qRT-PCR analyses of cellular miRNA levels, 72 h after transfection of HeLa cells with the indicated vectors or upon mock treatment. miR-17~92: vector coding for the <i>mir</i>-17~92 cluster; “control”: repective empty expression vector. miRNA levels were normalized to snRNA <i>RNU6–2</i> and calculated relative to the mock control. miR-17–5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-19b-3p, miR-92a-3p: encoded by the <i>mir</i>-17~92 expression vector; miR-34a-5p: negative control (not encoded by the vector). Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). Asterisks above columns indicate statistically significant differences from vector control-treated cells (p ≤ 0.05 (*)). <b>(B)</b> qRT-PCR analysis of <i>p21</i> mRNA expression, 72 h after transfection of HeLa cells with the indicated vectors or upon mock treatment. mRNA levels were normalized to <i>ACTB</i> and calculated relative to the mock control. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 4). Asterisks above columns indicate statistically significant differences from vector control-treated cells (p ≤ 0.05 (*)). <b>(C)</b> Immunoblot analysis of p53 and p21 protein levels, 72 h after transfection with the indicated vectors. α-Tubulin: loading control. A representative image is shown with corresponding densitometrically quantified band intensities of p21, normalized to α-Tubulin and calculated relative to mock. <b>(D)</b> miRNA inhibitors against miR-17–5p and miR-20a-5p increase the expression of p21 in HeLa cells. Left panel: Immunoblot analysis of p53 and p21 protein levels, 72 h after transfection of HeLa cells with the indicated miRNA inhibitors, an inhibitor control (‘Inhib. control’), or upon mock treatment. α-Tubulin: loading control. A representative image is shown. Numbers below individual lanes correspond to densitometrically quantified band intensities for p21, normalized to α-Tubulin and calculated relative to the Inhib. control. Right panel: Summary of densitometric quantification of p21 protein signal intensities. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). Asterisks above columns indicate statistically significant differences from Inhib. control-treated cells (p ≤ 0.05 (*), p ≤ 0.01 (**)).</p

Inhibition of endogenous HPV18 <i>E6/E7</i> expression: Effects on the intracellular miRNA composition of cervical cancer cells.

<p>Small RNA deep sequencing (A—D) and qRT-PCR analyses (E) of cellular miRNAs, 72 h after transfection of HeLa cells with si18E6/E7 or control siRNA siContr-1. <b>(A)</b> Mean read count distribution of mature miRNA sequences in si18E6/E7- and siContr-1-transfected cells (n = 2). Only miRNAs with a mean read count > 1 were considered. <b>(B)</b> The 15 most frequently sequenced cellular miRNAs. Selection based on siContr-1 samples, respective values for the si18E6/E7-treatment are indicated. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 2). Interrupted x-Axis. <b>(C)</b> Overview on differentially affected (> 1.5-fold) cellular miRNAs, determined by small RNA deep sequencing. RPM values of si18E6/E7-treated samples were calculated relative to the control treatment (siContr-1). Only miRNAs with > 1,000 RPM in each sample were considered (n = 2). <b>(D)</b> Relative quantification of miRNAs in si18E6/E7- versus siContr-1-treated cells as assessed by small RNA deep sequencing (log₂ display). Dashed lines: 1.5-fold up- or downregulation (log₂(1.5) = 0.585). Only miRNAs with > 1,000 RPM in each sample were considered. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 2). <b>(E)</b> qRT-PCR analyses of <i>E6/E7</i>-dependent cellular miRNAs identified by small RNA deep sequencing. Cellular miRNA levels were normalized to snRNA <i>RNU6–2</i> and calculated relative to siContr-1 (log₂ display). Dashed lines: 1.5-fold up- or downregulation (log₂(1.5) = 0.585). The column color shows regulation in the same (dark grey) or opposite (light grey) direction compared to the small RNA deep sequencing data of the individual miRNAs. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 2 or 3). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05 (*), p ≤ 0.01 (**) and p ≤ 0.001 (***)).</p

Silencing of HPV18 <i>E6/E7</i> expression by RNA interference.

<p><b>(A)</b> qRT-PCR analysis of HPV18 <i>E6/E7</i> (left panel) and <i>p21</i> (right panel) mRNA expression, 72 h after transfection of HeLa cells with si18E6/E7, control siRNA siContr-1, or upon mock treatment. mRNA levels were normalized to <i>ACTB</i> and calculated relative to the mock control. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 4). Asterisks above columns indicate statistically significant differences from siContr-1-treated cells (p ≤ 0.05 (*), p ≤ 0.001 (***)). <b>(B)</b> Immunoblot analysis of HPV18 E6, p53, and p21 protein levels, 72 h after transfection of HeLa cells with si18E6/E7 or siContr-1. α-Tubulin: loading control. <b>(C)</b> Immunoblot analysis of HPV18 E7, total pRb (pRb), phosphorylated pRb (pRb-P), and Cyclin A1 protein levels, 72 h after transfection of HeLa cells with si18E6/E7 or siContr-1. α-Tubulin: loading control.</p