13,514 research outputs found
The incidence of capital taxation and the magnitude of its burden.
Capital ; Taxation
Do state corporate income taxes reduce wages?
Amid falling revenues and impending budget shortfalls, state policymakers must find ways to increase revenue, cut spending, or both. At the same time, they must develop policies that attract or keep businesses and jobs. Some policymakers may consider raising corporate tax rates because it avoids directly taxing workers who are already suffering the effects of this recession. But as states reevaluate their current tax policy, it is important to consider the effects of each tax component. One important question is: Who will bear the burden of the taxes? ; State corporate income taxes are complex, and thus the answer to this question is far from obvious. Many believe that the state corporate tax structure is highly progressive because the corporate capital taxed is owned disproportionately by wealthy individuals. In today's economy, however, the burden of the corporate tax may have shifted to consumers or labor, resulting in a less progressive tax structure. ; Research has shown that in some cases labor bears a substantial weight of the corporate tax. While this burden has fluctuated over time, the relationship between corporate taxes and wages has been consistently negative. In other words, higher corporate taxes are typically associated with lower wages. ; Felix examines the impact of state corporate taxes on wages. She shows that corporate taxes reduce wages and that the magnitude of the negative relationship between the taxes and wages has increased over the past 30 years. She also finds that state corporate taxes have a larger negative effect on more highly educated workers.
Transient and stationary behavior of the Olami-Feder-Christensen earthquake model
Using long-term computer simulations and mean-field like arguments, we
investigate the transient time and the properties of the stationary state of
the Olami-Feder-Christensen earthquake model as function of the coupling
parameter and the system size . The most important findings are
that the transient time diverges nonanalytically when approaches zero,
and that the avalanche-size distribution will not approach a power law with
increasing system size.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
Commuting in small towns in rural areas: the case of St Andrews.
Since many rural commuters depend on the private car due to lack of convenient public transport, car reduction policies designed for large cities with ample public transport may be unsuitable for smaller towns. In particular, pricing policies designed to encourage public transport use may be less effective, as commuters with no convenient substitute to driving will be unable to switch. This paper develops multinomial and mixed logit models of commuters’ mode choice using data from a survey of commuters in the University of St Andrews. We find that the direct elasticities of the car mode are comparable to estimates reported in studies of commuting in larger urban areas, while the demand for public transport is considerably more elastic. The value of in-vehicle time is found to be about half of the UK average, reflecting that the roads in the St Andrews area are relatively uncongested.Mode choice, Rural commuting, Discrete choice models
Multilingualism in the Field of Early Childhood
In this paper, I analyse early childhood centres, expounding what a quality early childhood centre entails. Early childhood centres nurture children socially, emotionally, cognitively and intellectually (Phillips & Lowenstein 2011; Backer & Nærde 2017). Employing a multilingual curriculum in early childhood centres may help promote quality childcare. There are more than a billion people who speak more than one language fluently (Okal 2014). Therefore, early childhood centres should work to implement a multilingual curriculum as this can greatly benefit the children. Unfortunately, most early childhood centres lack a multilingual curriculum as their policies do not enable it. By assessing the Luxembourg government’s language policy, one can discern how policy imposes certain truths. To efficaciously deconstruct the use of policy, I will implement the work of Michel Foucault
Who offers tax-based business development incentives?
Many American communities seek to attract or retain businesses with tax abatements, tax credits, or tax increment financing of infrastructure projects (TIFs). The evidence for 1999 indicates that communities are most likely to offer one or more of these business development incentives if their residents have low incomes, if they are located close to state borders, and if their states have troubled political cultures. Ten percent greater median household income is associated with a 3.2 percent lower probability of offering incentives; ten percent greater distance from a state border is associated with a 1.0 percent lower probability of offering incentives; and a 10 percent higher rate at which government officials are convicted of federal corruption crimes is associated with a 1.2 percent greater probability of offering business incentives. TIFs are the preferred incentive of communities whose residents have household incomes between 75,000; whereas TIFs are much less commonly offered by communities whose residents have household incomes below $25,000. The need to finance TIFs out of incremental tax revenues may make it infeasible for many of the poorest of communities to use TIFs for local business development.
Schwinger-Keldysh formalism II: Thermal equivariant cohomology
Causally ordered correlation functions of local operators in near-thermal
quantum systems computed using the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism obey a set of
Ward identities. These can be understood rather simply as the consequence of a
topological (BRST) algebra, called the universal Schwinger-Keldysh
superalgebra, as explained in our companion paper arXiv:1610.01940. In the
present paper we provide a mathematical discussion of this topological algebra.
In particular, we argue that the structures can be understood in the language
of extended equivariant cohomology. To keep the discussion self-contained, we
provide a basic review of the algebraic construction of equivariant cohomology
and explain how it can be understood in familiar terms as a superspace gauge
algebra. We demonstrate how the Schwinger-Keldysh construction can be
succinctly encoded in terms a thermal equivariant cohomology algebra which
naturally acts on the operator (super)-algebra of the quantum system. The main
rationale behind this exploration is to extract symmetry statements which are
robust under renormalization group flow and can hence be used to understand
low-energy effective field theory of near-thermal physics. To illustrate the
general principles, we focus on Langevin dynamics of a Brownian particle,
rephrasing some known results in terms of thermal equivariant cohomology. As
described elsewhere, the general framework enables construction of effective
actions for dissipative hydrodynamics and could potentially illumine our
understanding of black holes.Comment: 72 pages; v2: fixed typos. v3: minor clarifications and improvements
to non-equilbirum work relations discussion. v4: typos fixed. published
versio
The eightfold way to dissipation
We provide a complete characterization of hydrodynamic transport consistent
with the second law of thermodynamics at arbitrary orders in the gradient
expansion. A key ingredient in facilitating this analysis is the notion of
adiabatic hydrodynamics, which enables isolation of the genuinely dissipative
parts of transport. We demonstrate that most transport is adiabatic.
Furthermore, of the dissipative part, only terms at the leading order in
gradient expansion are constrained to be sign-definite by the second law (as
has been derived before).Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure. v2: minor clarifications. v3: minor changes. title
in published version differ
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