Liberação do N em solos de diferentes texturas com ou sem adubos orgânicos N release in different textures soils with or without organic fertilizers

A liberação do N em um solo sob adubação orgânica é afetada por vários fatores como a quantidade e as características do resíduo adicionado, as condições climáticas e o tipo de solo, dentre outros. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a eficiência da cama de aves de corte e do dejeto líquido de suínos em três solos de diferentes texturas. Foram incubados os solos franco-arenoso (238g argila kg-1), argilo-siltoso (470g argila kg-1) e muito-argiloso (605g argila kg-1), aos quais se adicionou ou não a cama de aves e o dejeto líquido de suínos. Foi determinada a progressão de N-NH4+ e N-NO3- aos 0, 7, 14, 28, 56 e 112 dias de incubação e calculou-se a taxa de mineralização líquida e as porcentagens de N disponível e de N mineral líquido em relação ao N total e orgânico adicionados, respectivamente. O maior teor de argila fez com que a nitrificação ocorresse de forma mais gradual, independente do tipo de adubo orgânico adicionado, o que contribui para diminuir o potencial poluente do N. A mineralização líquida do N também foi maior no solo franco-arenoso. Isso ratifica a recomendação de parcelar o suprimento do nitrogênio aos cultivos, em especial em solos arenosos e com dejetos líquidos ricos em N amoniacal. Os resultados sinalizam que os índices oficiais de eficiência de liberação do N (IELN), de 80% para o dejeto líquido de suínos e 50% para a cama de aves, podem estar superestimados. Nesse aspecto, parece ser importante descontar o N mineral liberado pelo solo no cálculo do IELN para não promover a depleção da matéria orgânica do solo a médio ou longo prazo. Por fim, os resultados apontam para a necessidade de aprofundar estudos para que as classes texturais dos solos sejam consideradas como uma variável para a recomendação de N através de adubos orgânicos.The N release in the soil with organic fertilization is affected by various factors, such as the amount and the caractheristics of the added manure, climatic conditions and soil type. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of soil texture and the N release from two sources of organic fertilizer. Sandy loam soil (238mg clay kg-1), silt clay (470mg kg-1) and very-clay (605mg kg-1) were incubated, to which the poultry litter (47% N-NH4+) and the pig liquid slurry (14% N-NH4+) were added or not. The contents of N-NH4+ and N-NO3- was determined at 0, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days after incubation and calculated the net mineralization and the percentage of available N and net mineral nitrogen in relation to the total and added organic N, respectively. The higher clay caused more gradually nitrification, regardless of the type of organic fertilizer added, which may helps to reduce the polluting potential of N. The net N mineralization was also higher in sandy loam soil. This confirms the recommendation to spread the supply of nitrogen to crops, particularly in sandy soils and slurry rich in N-ammonia. The results indicated that the official indices of efficiency of N release (IELN), of 80% for the pig liquid slurry and 50% for the poultry litter, may be overestimated. Therefore, it seems important to consider the N mineral of the soil in the calculation of the efficiency of the release to reduce the depletion of soil organic matter in a medium or long term. Finally, the results point to the need for further studies so that the soil texture classes are considered as a variable to the recommended nitrogen through organic fertilizers

Nitrogen fertilization of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines: yield, total nitrogen content in the leaves and must composition

Grapevines grown on sandy soils are subjected to the application of supplemental nitrogen (N); however, there is little information available regarding the impact of these applications on yield, plant nutritional state and must composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield, nutritional state and must composition of grapevines subjected to N fertilization. Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines were subjected to annual applications of 0, 10, 15, 20, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1 in 2008, 2009 and 2010. During the 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11 harvest seasons, leaves were collected during full flowering and when the berries changed color, and the total N content was analyzed. The grape yield and the enological characteristics of the must were evaluated. The response to applied N was low, and the highest Cabernet Sauvignon grape yield was obtained in response to an application of 20 kg N ha-1year-1. The application of N increased the nutrient content in the leaf collected at full flowering, but it had little effect on the total nutrient content in the must, and it did not affect the enological characteristics of the must, such as soluble solids, pH, total acidity, malic acid and tartaric acid

Mineralization and efficiency index of nitrogen in cattle manure fertilizers on the soil

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to evaluate the mineralization of nitrogen (N) and to define the efficiency index (EI) of N after the addition of organic fertilizers based on cattle manure on the soil under laboratory conditions. A completely randomized statistical design with four replicates was used. The treatments were set as follows: T1) Soil (control); T2) Soil + vermicompost of cattle manure (CMV); T3) Soil + cattle manure and straw compost (CMS); and T4) Soil + cattle manure (CM). Experimental units were constituted by acrylic flasks with 5 x 5cm (height x diameter). Each flask was added with 135g of wet soil and 2.20, 2.45 and 2.27g of CMV, CMS and CM, respectively. Treatments were incubated at 25°C and the amount of mineral N from the soil (N-NH4+ and N-NO2- + N-NO3-) was determined at the beginning of the experiment and after 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days of incubation. The highest concentration of N-NO2- + N-NO3- in the soil were observed within the CMS treatment. The EI of N was of 27, 23 and 22% for CMS, CMV and CM, respectively. The mineralization of N from organic fertilizers based on cattle manure occurs on its vast majority within the first 28 days after its addition to the soil. The EI of N from the organic fertilizers based of cattle manure was higher for CMS>CMV>CM and achieved only 80% of what expected for organic fertilizers derived from cattle manure