The V̇O₂ responses and blood parameters during the 1-min all-out test for sprinters (SPRs) and endurance runners (ENDs).

<p>V̇O₂peak was determined as the 15-s rolling average; tV̇O₂peak is the time to achieve V̇O₂peak; V̇O₂ decrease is the difference between the V̇O₂ value at 30 s and the end-exercise V̇O₂; O₂ consumed was determined as the time integral above the V̇O₂rest for the 5-s V̇O₂ values; ∆BLC and ∆pH is the difference between pre test and peak exercise values of blood lactate concentration and pH, respectively.</p><p>*Significant difference between groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05)</p><p>The V̇O₂ responses and blood parameters during the 1-min all-out test for sprinters (SPRs) and endurance runners (ENDs).</p

The mean ± SD of the incremental test data and performance parameters during 1 MT for sprinters (SPRs) and endurance runners (ENDs).

<p>MAV, maximal aerobic velocity; V̇O₂max, maximum oxygen uptake; V_max and V_mean, maximum and mean velocity during 1-min all-out.</p><p>* significant difference between groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p>The mean ± SD of the incremental test data and performance parameters during 1 MT for sprinters (SPRs) and endurance runners (ENDs).</p

Pulmonary V̇O₂ response during the 110%MAV test for group mean data (a,b) and for a representative subject in each group (c).

<p>VO₂ was expressed in absolute and relative terms (%VO₂max) in Fig 1A and 1B, respectively. In Fig 1A and 1B, data were matched at the shortest time to exhaustion recorded in each group. Moreover, the mean ± SD of the asymptote (i.e. amplitude + V̇O₂ rest) and time to exhaustion are also shown. In Fig 1C, the exponential fits of the data and the residuals were also illustrated.</p

Time course of the V̇O₂ during the 1 min all-out running test in sprinters and endurance runners.

<p>VO₂ was expressed in relative (%VO₂max) and absolute terms in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0133785#pone.0133785.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1A and 1B</a>, respectively. Statistical analysis was only performed on relative terms. ^asignificant difference between groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05); ^a*statistical trend for a higher V̇O₂ in sprinters (<i>p</i> = 0.09); ^bV̇O₂ significantly higher than end-exercise V̇O₂ in sprinters (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p

Schematic representation of the protocol timing during the four phases.

<p>The superimposed data points are merely illustrative data representing response during tests. max, maximal oxygen uptake (dashed line); HS, highest speed (solid line); FS, fast-start pacing strategy. See “<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111621#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a>” for more details on phases one, two, three and four.</p

Comparison analysis of the FS performance variables with those predicted for constant pace from the log-log modelling.

<p>Data are back-transformed means ± coefficients of variation.</p>a<p>Uncertainties in these errors: ×/÷ 1.2. Multiply and divide the error by this number to obtain the 90% confidence for the true error.</p>b<p>The 800-m using a FS was predicted by calculating the amount of the intercept used in the extra-time assuming that the FS does not change the slope of the relationship between <i>t</i> and <i>d</i>.</p><p>FS: fast-start pacing strategy.</p><p>Comparison analysis of the FS performance variables with those predicted for constant pace from the log-log modelling.</p

Group mean pulmonary response during the highest speed and fast-start pacing strategy.

<p>For graphical presentation, data were matched at the shortest time to exhaustion recorded and interpolated to show second-by-second values. The vertical solid line represents the onset of exercise and the horizontal dashed line is the mean max. The mean ± SD of pre-test in each condition are also shown.</p

Observed changes in physiological responses after a FS in comparison with constant speed exercise.

<p>Data are back-transformed means ± coefficients of variation.</p>a<p>Uncertainties in these errors: ×/÷1.5. Multiply and divide the error by this number to obtain the 90% confidence for the true error.</p>b<p>The effect was deemed unclear if the chances that the true effect has the same sign than that of the observed effect were lower than 75%.</p><p>FS: fast-start pacing strategy; HS: highest constant speed; MAOD: maximal accumulated O₂ deficit.</p><p>Observed changes in physiological responses after a FS in comparison with constant speed exercise.</p

Reliability of a laboratory-based long sprint cycling test: applications of the smallest worthwhile changes in performance forrepeated measures designs

<div><p>Abstract The aims of the present study were to assess the reliability of long sprint cycling performance in a group of recreationally trained cyclists and to provide thresholds for changes in performance for this particular group of subjects in repeated measures designs through a scale of magnitudes. Repeatability of mean power output during a 1-min cycling time trial was assessed in a group of 15 recreationally trained cyclists (26 ± 5, years, 176 ± 5 cm, 78 ± 8 kg). They were tested on separate days, approximately one week apart. The test and retest values for the whole group of cyclists were 7.0 ± 0.5 W/kg and 6.9 ± 0.6 W/kg (systematic change and 90% confidence limits of -1.0% ± 1.1%). Our results indicated good test-retest reproducibility (typical error of 1.8%, 90% confidence limits of 1.4% to 2.6%; intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.96, confidence limits of 0.91 to 0.99), but suggested a reduction of mean power for the “slower” subjects on retest (-2.0%, 90% confidence limits of ±1.8%). If not monitored, this systematic decrease could interfere in results of studies utilizing groups with similar performance levels, particularly investigating strategies to improve performance in sprint cycling exercises around 1 min. The thresholds for moderate, large, very large and extremely large effects for mean power output on long sprint cycling performance are about 0.4%, 1.3%, 2.3%, 3.6%, and 5.8%, respectively.</p></div