Global maize trade network emphasizing top exporters.

<p>The circle sizes are loosely proportional to the amount of maize exported. Each line represents export/import amount greater than 1 million metric tons from 2000–2009 [Wu and Guclu, unpublished data].</p

Nations with highest degrees of maize exports and imports: number of other nations with which it trades.

<p>Source: UN Comtrade.</p

Top volumes of maize trade worldwide from 2000–2009.

<p>Source: UN Comtrade and FAO <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045151#pone.0045151-deNooy1" target="_blank">[22]</a>. MT  =  metric tonnes.</p

Top maize exporting and maize importing nations worldwide, based on volume of trade from 2000–2009.

<p>Source: United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (UN Comtrade, comtrade.un.org). MTs  =  metric tonnes.</p

Pathway from perception of IEQ risk and modifying factors to likelihood of political action adapted from

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health: Impediments and Policy Recommendations"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2007;115(6):953-957.</p><p>Published online 25 Jan 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1892115.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS, Hodgson MJ, unpublished data)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health: Impediments and Policy Recommendations"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2007;115(6):953-957.</p><p>Published online 25 Jan 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1892115.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p

Market segregation and grape control crop analysis.

<p><b>A)</b> Market segregation for the top ten global importers of pistachios, as a function of the ratio of total US exports to total exports from both Iran and the US. In the 1990 s until 2003, no distinct market segregation is apparent. In 2004, the US and Iran are exporting pistachios to distinctly different countries. <b>B)</b> Lack of market segregation for grape exports from Iran and Greece. Serving as a control crop, ten of the top markets for Iran and Greece were followed from 1997–2011. Unlike the case with pistachios, in which market segregation occurs possibly from aflatoxin regulation, no market segregation is evident in Iranian vs. Greek grape exports.</p

Pistachio production and crop quality comparisons between the US and Iran.

<p><b>A)</b> Iranian and US pistachio production and exports between 1995 and 2010. Both the US and Iran have high and low production years over the 15 year period. Both countries are showing increased production over the past 10 years. Iran once dominated exports; however, the US has closed the gap and exported a larger quantity of pistachios than Iran in 2009 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0092149#pone.0092149-World1" target="_blank">[23]</a>. <b>B)</b> EU-specific exports from the US and Iran and number of pistachio consignment rejections. US to EU exports have trended upwards since 1997, whereas Iran to EU exports have decreased. The number of rejections of Iranian pistachios has remained higher than of US pistachios since the induction of the RASFF system in 1997. Iran pistachio rejections peaked in the mid-2000s, but are decreasing as the total export amount to the EU is decreasing.</p

In 2004, global pistachio trade patterns shifted the year after the EU implemented a harmonized 4/g aflatoxin standard in tree nuts.

<p>In 2004, global pistachio trade patterns shifted the year after the EU implemented a harmonized 4/g aflatoxin standard in tree nuts.</p

Market segregation as a function of importing nations’ aflatoxin standards over time.

<p>The US has exported to countries with stricter aflatoxin standards since 1996; however, until 2003, a distinct difference was not apparent. In 2003, the US was exporting to more countries with stricter aflatoxin standards than Iran. The mean was calculated by summing the inverse of the importing countries aflatoxin standard multiplied by the exports from the US and Iran.</p