298 research outputs found
Anisotropy at the end of the cosmic ray spectrum?
The starburst galaxies M82 and NGC253 have been proposed as the primary
sources of cosmic rays with energies above eV. For energies \agt
10^{20.3} eV the model predicts strong anisotropies. We calculate the
probabilities that the latter can be due to chance occurrence. For the highest
energy cosmic ray events in this energy region, we find that the observed
directionality has less than 1% probability of occurring due to random
fluctuations. Moreover, during the first 5 years of operation at Auger, the
observation of even half the predicted anisotropy has a probability of less
than to occur by chance fluctuation. Thus, this model can be subject
to test at very small cost to the Auger priors budget and, whatever the outcome
of that test, valuable information on the Galactic magnetic field will be
obtained.Comment: Final version to be published in Physical Review
Size effects in the structural phase transition of VO2 nanoparticles
We have observed size effects in the structural phase transition of submicron vanadium dioxide precipitates in silica. The VO2 nanoprecipitates are produced by the stoichiometric coimplantation of vanadium and oxygen and subsequent thermal processing. The observed size dependence in the transition temperature and hysteresis loops of the semiconductor-to-metal phase transition in VO2 is described in terms of heterogeneous nucleation statistics with a phenomenological approach in which the density of nucleating defects is a power function of the driving force
Enhanced hysteresis in the semiconductor-to-metal phase transition of VO2 precipitates formed in SiO2 by ion implantation
A strongly enhanced hysteresis with a width of >34°C has been observed in the semiconductor-to-metal phase transition of submicron-scale VO2 precipitates formed in the near-surface region of amorphous SiO2 by the stoichiometric coimplantation of vanadium and oxygen and subsequent thermal processing. This width is approximately an order of magnitude larger than that reported previously for the phase transition of VO2 particles formed in Al2O3 by a similar technique. The phase transition is accompanied by a significant change in infrared transmission. The anomalously wide hysteresis loop observed here for the VO2/SiO2 system can be exploited in optical data storage and switching applications in the infrared region
Switchable reflectivity on silicon from a composite VO 2-SiO 2 protecting layer
The production of near-surface nanocomposites with a thermally variable reflectivity on single crystal Si using ion beams and thermal processing was presented. Stoichiometric coimplantation of vanadium and oxygen ions and subsequent thermal processing were employed to form embedded VO 2 nanoparticles in the SiO 2 film. It was observed that the reflectivity of the vanadium dioxide particles underwent a large changes at the VO 2 semiconductor-to-metal phase transition. The reflectivity of the vanadium dioxide particles which underwent large changes provide a mechanism for thermally controlling the reflectivity of the VO 2/SiO 2/Si layer and effectively, the Si crystal surface
Optical nonlinearities in VO 2 nanoparticles and thin films
Z-scan and pump-probe measurements with ultrafast, 800 nm laser pulses were used to compare the ultrafast optical nonlinearities of VO 2 nanoparticles and thin films in both semiconducting and metallic states. In the metallic state, both the nanocrystals and thin films exhibit a positive, intensity-dependent nonlinear index of refraction. However, the nonlinear effects are relatively larger in the VO 2 nanocrystals, which also reveal a saturable nonlinear absorption. When the semiconductor-to-metal phase transition is induced by the laser pulse, VO 2 thin films exhibit a negative equivalent nonlinear index of refraction while the nanocrystals exhibit a smaller but still positive index. Both the VO 2 nanocrystals and thin films undergo the phase transition within 120 fs
How spiking neurons give rise to a temporal-feature map
A temporal-feature map is a topographic neuronal representation of temporal attributes of phenomena or objects that occur in the outside world. We explain the evolution of such maps by means of a spike-based Hebbian learning rule in conjunction with a presynaptically unspecific contribution in that, if a synapse changes, then all other synapses connected to the same axon change by a small fraction as well. The learning equation is solved for the case of an array of Poisson neurons. We discuss the evolution of a temporal-feature map and the synchronization of the single cells’ synaptic structures, in dependence upon the strength of presynaptic unspecific learning. We also give an upper bound for the magnitude of the presynaptic interaction by estimating its impact on the noise level of synaptic growth. Finally, we compare the results with those obtained from a learning equation for nonlinear neurons and show that synaptic structure formation may profit
from the nonlinearity
From Cholera to Burns: A Role for Oral Rehydration Therapy
According to the practice guidelines of the American Burn Association
on burn shock resuscitation, intravenous (IV) fluid therapy is the
standard of care for the replacement of fluid and electrolyte losses in
burn injury of 6520% of the total body surface area. However, in
mass burn casualties, IV fluid resuscitation may be delayed or
unavailable. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which has been shown to be
highly effective in the treatment of dehydration in epidemics of
cholera, could be an alternate way to replace fluid losses in burns. A
prospective case series of three patients was carried out as an initial
step to establish whether oral Ceralyte\uae90 could replace fluid
losses requiring IV fluid therapy in thermal injury. The requirement of
the continuing IV fluid therapy was reduced by an average of 58% in the
first 24 hours after the injury (range 37-78%). ORT may be a feasible
alternative to IV fluid therapy in the resuscitation of burns. It could
also potentially save many lives in mass casualty situations or in
resource-poor settings where IV fluid therapy is not immediately
available. Further studies are needed to assess the efficacy of this
treatment and to determine whether the present formulations of ORT for
cholera need modification
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