Regulation of NDVI and ET negative responses to increased atmospheric vapor pressure deficit by water availability in global drylands

Atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD, indicative of atmospheric water conditions) has been identified as a major driver of global vegetation dynamics. Drylands, including deserts, temperate grasslands, savannas, and dry forests, are more sensitive to water conditions and affect carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles. However, our knowledge is limited on the way increasing VPD affects vegetation growth and evapotranspiration (ET) in global drylands. In this study, we used long-term satellite datasets combined with multiple statistical analyses to examine the relationship between the satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a proxy for vegetation growth, and ET to VPD across global drylands. We found that significant decreases in NDVI and ET predominantly influenced the NDVI (RVPD − NDVI) and ET (RVPD − ET) responses to VPD in both the savannas and dry forests of South American, African, and Australian savannas and dry forests, as well as in temperate grasslands (e.g., Eurasian steppes and American prairies). Notably, more than 60% of global drylands exhibited significantly negative RVPD − NDVI and RVPD − ET values. In contrast, the percentage of significantly negative RVPD − NDVI and RVPD − ET decreased to <10% in cold drylands (>60° N). In predominantly warm drylands (60° N~60° S), negative VPD effects were significantly and positively regulated by soil water availability, as determined by multiple linear regression models. However, these significant regulatory effects were not observed in cold drylands. Moving-window analyses further revealed that temporal changes in RVPD − NDVI and RVPD − ET were positively correlated with changes in the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). In warm drylands, areas with increasing RVPD − NDVI and RVPD − ET over time showed an increasing trend in the SPEI, whereas areas with a decreasing SPEI showed a negative trend in RVPD − NDVI and RVPD − ET values over time. Given the increasing atmospheric dryness due to climate change, this study highlighted the importance of re-evaluating the representation of the role of water availability in driving the response of the carbon-water cycle to increased VPD across global drylands

Review of the Upright Balance Assessment Based on the Force Plate

Quantitative assessment is crucial for the evaluation of human postural balance. The force plate system is the key quantitative balance assessment method. The purpose of this study is to review the important concepts in balance assessment and analyze the experimental conditions, parameter variables, and application scope based on force plate technology. As there is a wide range of balance assessment tests and a variety of commercial force plate systems to choose from, there is room for further improvement of the test details and evaluation variables of the balance assessment. The recommendations presented in this article are the foundation and key part of the postural balance assessment; these recommendations focus on the type of force plate, the subject’s foot posture, and the choice of assessment variables, which further enriches the content of posturography. In order to promote a more reasonable balance assessment method based on force plates, further methodological research and a stronger consensus are still needed

Czochralski Growth, Magnetic Properties and Faraday Characteristics of CeAlO₃ Crystals

CeAlO3 crystals were grown in different growth atmospheres by the Czochralski method. The lattice parameters and space group of CeAlO3 crystal were determined by Rietveld structure refinement of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. The influence of Ce4+ ions in the crystal on the transmittance and crystal color was confirmed by XPS analysis. Magnetization curve at room temperature and temperature dependencies of the magnetic susceptibility in two different directions were measured, indicating that CeAlO3 crystal has remarkable magnetic anisotropy and there is an abnormal magnetic behavior in the vertical <001> direction in the temperature range of 50–150 K. Faraday characteristics of CeAlO3 crystal were investigated at room temperature. Verdet constants of CeAlO3 at 532, 635 and 1064 nm are about 2.1 times as large as those of CeF3. The reason of large Verdet constants was analyzed based on the Van Vleck–Hebb theory and the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectrum

Total process of fault diagnosis for wind turbine gearbox, from the perspective of combination with feature extraction and machine learning: A review

With the increasing of the installed capacity of wind power, the condition monitoring and maintains technique is becoming more important. Wind Turbines (WT) gearbox is one of the key wind power components as it plays the role of power transmission and speed regulation. Towards this, a number of scholars have pay attention to the fault diagnosis of WT gearbox. The efficiency of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms is highly correlated with signal type, data quality, and extracted features employed. The implementation of ML techniques has proven to be advantageous in simplifying the comprehension prerequisites for fault diagnosis technology concerning fault mechanisms. More and more current studies predominantly concentrate on the utilization and fine-tuning of ML algorithms, while providing limited insights into the features of the acquired data. Therefore, it is necessary to review the research in recent years from the perspective of the combination of feature extraction and ML algorithms, and provide a detailed direction for future WT gearbox fault diagnosis technology research. In this paper, data processing algorithms and typical fault diagnosis methods based on ML methods for WT gearbox are reviewed. For the using of ML method in WT gearbox fault diagnosis, the data prepared for training is very important. The paper firstly reviewed the data analysing method which will support the ML method. The data analysing methods include data acquisition, data preprocessing and feature extraction method. Feature extraction plays a pivotal role in the realm of gearbox fault diagnosis, as it serves as the essence of effective detection. This review will primarily focus on exploring methods that enable the utilization of efficient features in combination with ML techniques to achieve accurate gearbox fault diagnosis. Then typical ML method for WT gearbox fault diagnosis are carefully reviewed. Moreover, some prospects for future research directions are discussed in the end

Ultrafast all-optical magnetic switching in NaTb(WO4)2

International audienceThe operation of an all-optical magnetic switching based on the paramagnetic NaTb(WO4)2 crystals is carried out by the time-resolved magneto-optical Faraday effect. Our results demonstrate that the switching time can be as fast as ~500 fs at room temperature. The switching amplitude shows a linear dependence on the excitation intensity, which is proportional to the magnetization induced by the circularly polarized light. Based on the inverse Faraday effect in magneto-optical crystal, the switching mechanisms arising from circular dichroism and birefringence are discussed. By tailoring the magneto-optical properties of NaTb(WO4)2 crystal, the switching magnitude can be modulated

Fed-Batch Fermentation of Saccharomyces pastorianus with High Ribonucleic Acid Yield

(1) Background: The degradation products of ribonucleic acid (RNA)are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry for their flavoring and nutritional enhancement functions. Yeast is the main source for commercial RNA production, and an efficient strain is the key to reducing production costs; (2) Methods: A mutant Saccharomyces pastorianus G03H8 with a high RNA yield was developed via ARTP mutagenesis and fed-batch fermentation was applied to optimize production capacity. Genome sequencing analysis was used to reveal the underlying mechanism of higher RNA production genetic differences in the preferred mutant; (3) Results: Compared with the highest RNA content of the mutant strain, G03H8 increased by 40% compared with the parental strain G03 after response surface model optimization. Meanwhile, in fed-batch fermentation, G03H8′s dry cell weight (DCW) reached 60.58 g/L in 5 L fermenter by molasses flowing and RNA production reached up to 3.58 g/L. Genome sequencing showed that the ribosome biogenesis, yeast meiosis, RNA transport, and longevity regulating pathway were closely related to the metabolism of high RNA production; (4) Conclusion: S. pastorianus G03H8 was developed for RNA production and had the potential to greatly reduce the cost of RNA production and shorten the fermentation cycle. This work lays the foundation for efficient RNA content using S. pastorianus

A Microfluidic Cell Co-Culture Chip for the Monitoring of Interactions between Macrophages and Fibroblasts

Macrophages and fibroblasts are two types of important cells in wound healing. The development of novel platforms for studying the interrelationship between these two cells is crucial for the exploration of wound-healing mechanisms and drug development. In this study, a microfluidic chip composed of two layers was designed for the co-culturing of these two cells. An air valve was employed to isolate fibroblasts to simulate the wound-healing microenvironment. The confluence rate of fibroblasts in the co-culture system with different macrophages was explored to reflect the role of different macrophages in wound healing. It was demonstrated that M2-type macrophages could promote the activation and migration of fibroblasts and it can be inferred that they could promote the wound-healing process. The proposed microfluidic co-culture system was designed for non-contact cell–cell interactions, which has potential significance for the study of cell–cell interactions in biological processes such as wound healing, tumor microenvironment, and embryonic development

Eltrombopag Inhibits Metastasis in Breast Carcinoma by Targeting HuR Protein

Eltrombopag is a small molecule TPO-R agonist that has been shown in our previous studies to inhibit tumor growth by targeting Human antigen R (HuR) protein. HuR protein not only regulates the mRNA stability of tumor growth-related genes, but it also regulates the mRNA stability of a variety of cancer metastasis-related genes, such as Snail, Cox-2, and Vegf-c. However, the role and mechanisms of eltrombopag in breast cancer metastasis have not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether eltrombopag can inhibit breast cancer metastasis by targeting HuR. Our study first found that eltrombopag can destroy HuR-AU-rich element (ARE) complexes at the molecular level. Secondly, eltrombopag was found to suppress 4T1 cell migration and invasion and inhibit macrophage-mediated lymphangiogenesis at the cellular level. In addition, eltrombopag exerted inhibitory effects on lung and lymph node metastasis in animal tumor metastasis models. Finally, it was verified that eltrombopag inhibited the expressions of Snail, Cox-2, and Vegf-c in 4T1 cells and Vegf-c in RAW264.7 cells by targeting HuR. In conclusion, eltrombopag displayed antimetastatic activity in breast cancer in an HuR dependent manner, which may provide a novel application for eltrombopag, hinting at the multiple effects of HuR inhibitors in cancer therapy