The Adsorption of Reactive Blue 19 Dye onto Cucurbit[8]uril and Cucurbit[6]uril: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

The adsorption behavior and mechanism of Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) on cucurbit[6]­uril (CB[6]) and cucurbit[8]­uril (CB[8]) were investigated. The adsorption isotherm data obtained at different temperatures were fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm, and according to this model, CB[8] and CB[6] exhibited maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 714.29 and 100.5 mg/g, respectively, at 298.15 K. The adsorption thermodynamic functions Δ<i>G</i>, Δ<i>H</i>, and Δ<i>S</i> were evaluated and revealed that RB19 adsorption onto CB[8] and CB[6] is a spontaneous and enthalpy-driven process. The adsorption process was determined to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating that chemisorption dominates the adsorption process. Fourier tranform IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the formation of an inclusion complex is the main driving force of adsorption. The phenyl and sulfone moieties of RB19 reside inside the cavity of CB[8], but because of the small cavity, only the sulfone of RB19 resides inside the cavity of CB[6]. Time-dependent DFT calculations revealed that all of the absorption bands of RB19 derive from π → π* transitions, while for the adsorption product of CB[8], the bands located at 590 and 287 nm derive from π → π* transitions and the bands located at 254 and 202 nm mainly derive from intermolecular charge transfer (ICT)

Target genes regulated by RUNX3.

<p>A The activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated by Gelatin zymography. B Western blot analysis of the relative protein levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and β-actin in RUNX3 re-expression and control group for both PC3 and DU145 cell lines. C Western blot for the protein expression of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and β-actin in RUNX3 slicing and control group for RWPE-1 cell line. D Western blot analysis for MMP-2 and β-actin expression after knock down of TIMP-2. E Real time PCR for MMP-2 mRNA expression after knock down of TIMP-2. Data are shown as mean ± S.D. *<i>P</i><0.05.</p

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BRG1 staining and clinicopathological characteristics of 437 breast cancer patients.

*<p><i>P</i> values are from χ² test.</p

Reduction of RUNX3 on the abilities of metastasis in vitro.

<p>A and B Twenty-four hours after transfection, the expression of RUNX3 in PC3 and DU145 cells was evaluated by Western blot. β-actin was used as an internal control. C and D Cell migration assay. Representative fields of migration cells on the membrane (magnifications, ×200). Average migration cell number per field. E and F Matrigel cell invasion assays. Representative images show the cells that invaded through the Matrigel when transfected with RUNX3 plasmid or control. Representative histograph of invaded tumor cells is displayed and number of invaded tumor cells quantified. * indicates significant difference from the controls (*<i>P</i><0.05, ANOVA).</p

Knockdown of BRG1 inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion.

<p>A, B Cell migration assay was performed after the knockdown of BRG1 in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells. C, D Matrigel cell invasion assay was performed after the knockdown of BRG1 in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells. E Gelatin zymography analysis of the relative enzyme activities of MMP-2 in BRG1 knockdown and control siRNA group for both MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cell lines. F Western blot analysis of the relative protein levels of TIMP-2 and MMP-2 in BRG1 knockdown and control siRNA group for both MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cell lines. All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Data are shown as mean ± SE. <b>***</b><i>P</i><0.001.</p

Multivariate Cox regression analysis on 5-year overall and disease-specific survival of 437 breast cancer patients.

*<p>Coding of variables: BRG1 was coded as 1 (low expression), and 2 (high expression). Age was coded as 1 (≤50 years), and 2 (>50 years). Tumor size was coded as 1 (≤5 cm), and 2 (>5 cm). Lymph node metastasis was coded as 1 (negative), and 2 (positive). Histology grade was coded as 1 (I), and 2 (II and III). Histology type was coded as 1 (dutcal), and 2 (lobular and other).</p>†<p>CI: confidence interval.</p

Patients characteristics and RUNX3 expression.

*<p><i>P</i> values are obtained from χ² test.</p

Kaplan-Meier survival analyses of breast cancer patients.

<p>A High BRG1 expression correlates with a poorer overall survival (<i>P</i><0.001, log-rank test). B High BRG1 expression correlates with a poorer disease-specific 5-year survival (<i>P</i><0.001, log-rank test). Cum, cumulative.</p

RUNX3 protein expression in tumor adjacent normal prostate tissues and prostate cancer tissues.

<p>A Representative immunohistochemical photographs were taken at different magnifications in tumor adjacent normal prostate tissue and prostate cancer tissues (Top panel ×100, bottom panel ×400). B Compared with that in the tumor adjacent normal prostate tissue, the overall expression level of RUNX3 in the prostate cancer tissues was significantly lower (<i>P</i><0.01, χ² test). C Decreased RUNX3 expression was correlated with TNM stage (<i>P</i><0.01, χ² test, comparing I-II versus III–IV).</p