3-manifold groups are virtually residually p

Given a prime $p$, a group is called residually $p$ if the intersection of its $p$-power index normal subgroups is trivial. A group is called virtually residually $p$ if it has a finite index subgroup which is residually $p$. It is well-known that finitely generated linear groups over fields of characteristic zero are virtually residually $p$ for all but finitely many $p$. In particular, fundamental groups of hyperbolic 3-manifolds are virtually residually $p$. It is also well-known that fundamental groups of 3-manifolds are residually finite. In this paper we prove a common generalization of these results: every 3-manifold group is virtually residually $p$ for all but finitely many $p$. This gives evidence for the conjecture (Thurston) that fundamental groups of 3-manifolds are linear groups

To Know Salvation: Marian Consecration as Antidote to New Gnosticisms

In this essay, the author initiates a discussion about key ways in which the theology behind and practice of Marian consecration as developed by St. Louis de Montfort both refutes the errors of and fulfills the longing indicated by the emergence of strong gnostic currents in contemporary thought. To accommodate the parameters of this project, discussion is limited to three categories of “new Gnosticisms”—political, New Age, and technological—and key theological concepts

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Yeast Gene Encoding Fibrillarin, a Major Nucleolar Protein

Melittin, a bee-venom peptide of 26 amino acids, has well-known amphiphilic properties. These properties result in a number of interesting biophysical behaviors and defined quaternary structures; knowledge of these activities has been exploited to understand the relationship of structure and immunogenicity of melittin and melittin analogs. From this analysis, a hypothesis for melittin\u27s in vivo immunogenic structure predicated on binding to cell membranes or other lipophilic environments is suggested. Immunogenicity for antibody responses depends on primary, secondary, and quaternary structure. The distribution of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids determines peptide-detergent properties such as self-association and the ability to bind and oligomerize in cell membranes, and only peptides of a minimum size of 24 amino acids are immunogenic. Analogs of melittin that retain these properties elicit strong antibody responses; analogs that lack these properties are weak immunogens for antibody responses. As a result of these structural propensities, melittin-specific antibodies primarily react with the C-terminal epitope of the peptide. The T-cell epitope of melittin in H-2d restricted mice is located primarily in residue 7-19. Melittin-specific T cell clones are CD4+, showed high egression of a CD45 R isoform associated with Th2 phenotype, and most appeared to secrete IL-4. Melittin-specific T-cell clones are restricted to both alleles of H-2d class II molecules, I-A and I-E. I-A restricted clones respond to lower concentrations of melittin and a wide variety of melittin analogs; I-E restricted clones require higher melittin concentrations and fail to recognize some melittin analogs. Differential la restriction results in different peptide-specific Ig isotype distribution. I-A only restriction is characterized by increased levels of specific IgG2a decreased levels of IgG1 and IgE

Mary and Franciscanism

A treatise on Franciscan history and vocation as they relate to Mary, especially vocation to the Conventual branch of the Order of Friars Minor. Year of publication is approximate based on available records

Transient Effects of the Wing Wake on the Horizontal Tail

An investigation was made of the effect of the wing wake on the lift of the horizontal tail surfaces. In the development of expressions for this effect, the growth of wing circulation and wing wake, the time interval represented by the tail length, and the development of lift by the rail were considered. The theory has been applied to a specific case to show the magnitude of the effect to be expected. It is shown that, for motions below a certain frequency, the development of lift by the tail may be represented by a simple lag function. The lag is, however, somewhat greater than that indicated by the rail length

Antigenic characterisation of lyssaviruses in South Africa

There are at least six Lyssavirus species that have been isolated in Africa, which include classical rabies virus, Lagos bat virus, Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, Shimoni bat virus and Ikoma lyssavirus. In this retrospective study, an analysis of the antigenic reactivity patterns of lyssaviruses in South Africa against a panel of 15 anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies was undertaken. A total of 624 brain specimens, collected between 2005 and 2009, confirmed as containing lyssavirus antigen by direct fluorescent antibody test, were subjected to antigenic differentiation. The lyssaviruses were differentiated into two species, namely rabies virus (99.5%) and Mokola virus (0.5%). Furthermore, rabies virus was further delineated into two common rabies biotypes in South Africa: canid and mongoose. Initially, it was found that the canid rabies biotype had two reactivity patterns; differential staining was observed with just one monoclonal antibody. This difference was likely to have been an artefact related to sample quality, as passage in cell culture restored staining. Mongoose rabies viruses were more heterogeneous, with seven antigenic reactivity patterns detected. Although Mokola viruses were identified in this study, prevalence and reservoir host species are yet to be established. These data demonstrate the usefulness of monoclonal antibody typing panels in lyssavirus surveillance with reference to emergence of new species or spread of rabies biotypes to new geographic zones